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Physiology > Physiology: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Physiology: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of Female Reproductive System

A

Ovary: oocytes, sex hormones
Fallopian Tube: fertilization, sperm transport, egg transport
Uterus: implantation, fetal development, sperm transport
Cervix: regulate sterility, prevent ascending infections
Vagina: sperm collection, sperm transport

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2
Q

Oogenesis

A 
Germ cells -> mitosis -> oogonia
Before birth: 6-7 million
By birth: 2 million
By puberty: ~400,000
Released in a lifetime ~45
Strong selection process
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3
Q

Ovary

A

Follicles
Stroma
Corpus Luteum

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4
Q

Follicles

A

maintains a viable oocyte, provides essential hormonal support for reproduction

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5
Q

Stroma

A

interstitial cells and other supporting cells

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6
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

formed from follicle after ovulation, produces progesterone for pregnancy onset and maintenance

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7
Q

3 Hormones produced for by ovary:

A

Progesterone (thecal and luteal cells)
Estrogens (granulosa cells)
Androgens (thecal cells)

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8
Q

Two Cell Theory of Follicular Estrogen Synthesis

A

LH binds to LH receptor, uses CAMP mechanism
Cholesterol undergoes side chain cleavage to progesterone, activated by CYP17a to androgen

Androgen enters granulosa cell

FSH binds to FSH receptor, uses CAMP mechanism, aromatase causes the conversion of androgen to estrone, estrone is then converted to estradiol

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9
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Oviduct

A

increase:
formation and contractility of cilia
muscular contraction

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10
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Uterus

A

increase:
endometrial proliferation
myometrial growth and contractility

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11
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Cervix and Vagina

A

increase:
epithelial proliferation
glycogen deposition
watery cervical mucus

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12
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Breast

A 
increase:
proliferation of ductal epithelium
ductal growth
growth of lobulo-alveolus
fat deposition
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13
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Bone

A 
increase:
osteoblastic activity
calcium deposition
linear growth
maturation of epiphyseal cartilage
increase pelvic diameter
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14
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Larynx

A

long and unchanged vocal cord (high pitch)

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15
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Liver

A

increase thyroid and steroid binding gloubulin

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16
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Plasma

A

increase: HDL
decrease: cholesterol and VLDL

17
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Hip & Thigh

A

increase:
lipogenesis
female type fat deposition

18
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Skin

A

increase:
vascularization
sebaceous secretion

19
Q

Functions of Progesterone - Oviduct

A

increase secretion

decease muscular contraction

20
Q

Functions of Progesterone - Uterus

A

increase: endometrial differentiation, glycogen and glycoprotein synthesis and secretion
decrease: myometrial growth and contractility

21
Q

Functions of Progesterone - Breast

A

increase:
development of lobulo-alveolus
fluid retention in the subcutaneous tissue

22
Q

Functions of Estrogen - Cervix and Vagina

A

increase: epithelial differentiation, thick cervical mucus
decrease: epithelial proliferation

23
Q

3 Steps of Puberty

A

Adrenarche
Activation of the H-P-O axis
Gonadarche

24
Q

Onset of Puberty depends on

A

Nutrition
Health
Environment

25
Q

Adrenarche

A

synthesis of adrenal androgens right at the onset of puberty - development of pubic and axillary hair

26
Q

Activation of H-P-O Axis and first ovulation

A

2-3 years before menses
GnRH fires in pulses
FSH secretion -> follicular development -> synthesis of estrogens and activin

27
Q

Maturation of the H-P-O Axis

A

gonadotropes synthesize and store - large amount of LH
high estrogen in first few cycles -> synchronization of GnRH neurons -> release bolus of GnRH -> Pre-ovolutionary LH surge -> first ovulation -> menarche

28
Q

Physical Changes of Puberty

A

Body Growth: fat deposition (hip, thighs, mons pubis), increased bone length (Ca and phosphate deposition), cessation due to estrogen induced ossification
Breast Development: estrogen induces proliferation of mammary epithelium and fat deposition
Pubic Hair Development: androgen induces

29
Q

Phases of Menstrual Cycle

A

Follicular Phase

Luteal Phase

30
Q

Follicular Development and Regulation

A

FSH binds FSH receptor, follicle produces estrogen which inhibits FSH
1 follicle responds despite the decreasing levels of FSH (follicle atresia)
As the follicle grows, increased LH receptor, theca cells grow, more estrogen and more negative feedback on FSH
Dominant follicle grows, others die off, lots of estrogen is produced, which positively affects GnRH allowing for the LH surge

31
Q

Ovulation

A

Occurs around 15th day of cycle
LH -> progesterone which induces
—hyperemia and prostaglandin secretion - increased permeability
—activation of proteases - weakened follicle wall
both result in follicle swelling, rupture and expulsion of oocyte

32
Q

Luteinization

A

granulosa and theca cells undergo significant hypertrophy forming lutein cells
Progesterone - uterine preparation for pregnancy
Inhibin - inhibition of FSH and LH secretion

33
Q

Menstrual Cycle - Follicular Phase

Proliferative Phase of Endometrium

A

endometrial proliferation, thickening of vaginal wall
secretion of watery mucus by endocervical gland
increased movement of oviductal cilia

34
Q

Menstrual Cycle - Luteal Phase

Secretory Phase of Endometrium

A

cessation of proliferation
increased synthetic activity of endometrium
endometrial glands secrete copies amounts of mucus for nutrients to support embryo

35
Q

Menstruation

A

absence of pregnancy, corpus luteum withdraws by 7-8 days and progesterone falls
arteriolar constriction, leakage of vessels at basal and spongy zone, blood accumulates between layers, uterine contractions, expulsion of blood and tissue fragments

36
Q

Menopause

A

cessation of menstrual cycle - thinning of endometrium, vaginal epithelium, withdrawal of endocervical secretion, reduction of breast mass
~45-50

37
Q

Causes of Menopause

A

exhaustion of follicle pool and cessation of folliculogenesis
lack of estradiol and progesterone

38
Q

Changes in Perimenopausal Period: Reproductive organs

A

increase in plasma FSH and LH levels
absence of endometrial and vaginal cyclicity
involution of uterine and vaginal epithelia, cessation of endocervical secretion

39
Q

Changes in Perimenopausal Period: Physical changes

A

vasomotor instability - lack of estradiol - hot flash
loss of bone of density - “osteoporosis”
altered lipid metabolism, increased LDL and cholesterol -> cholesterol deposition in vasculature

Physiology (8 decks)

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