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Physiology > Physiology: Hormones in General > Flashcards

Physiology: Hormones in General Flashcards

1
Q

What is a endocrine?

A

secretes HORMONE, reach target organ via circulation

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2
Q

What hormones control digestion, utilization and storage? (glycogen, protein, fatty acids, glucose)

A 
Cortisol
GH/IGF-1
Glucagon
Insulin
Thyroid Hormone
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3
Q

What hormones control reproduction? (sexual, behavioral)

A

FSH/LH
Estrogen
Androgen
Prolactin

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4
Q

What hormones control growth and development? (cell proliferation, differentiation, skeletal and neuronal)

A 
Estrogen
Androgen
GH/IGF-1
Vitamin D
Cortisol
Insulin/Glucagon
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5
Q

What hormones control the internal milieu? (body fluids, electrolytes, acid-base, glucose)

A 
Insulin
PTH
ADH
Cortisol
Aldosterone
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6
Q

3 basic types of hormones:

A

Amino acid derived (epinephrine, thyroxine)
Steroids (progesterone)
Proteins and peptides (growth hormone, vasopressin)

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7
Q

Synthesis of protein and peptide hormones:

A
  • synthesized through complex process of protein synthesis
  • undergo further processing (pro hormone to hormone)
  • exocytosis
  • stored in secretory granules
  • binds to specific binding proteins
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8
Q

Synthesis of steroid hormones:

A
  • synthesized from acetate or cholesterol
  • no storage
  • spontaneous secretion
  • binds to albumin and specific globulins
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9
Q

Synthesis of amino-acid hormones:

A
  • synthesized from tyrosine and phenylalanine via enzymatic reactions
  • stored in secretory granules
  • exocytosis
  • no binding protein (except thyroid hormone)
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10
Q

Measurement of Metabolic Clearance Rate

A

mg/ml plasma minute

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11
Q

To induce a cellular action a hormone must: (2)

A
  1. bind to specific cell surface or receptor

2. evoke hormone specific biological action

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12
Q

Why are hormone binding proteins not receptors?

A

They do not evoke a hormone-specific intracellular signal. Regulate free hormone levels in blood.

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13
Q

Protein hormone receptors:

A

cell membrane

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14
Q

Amine receptors:

A

cell membrane (exception thyroid hormone - nucleus)

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15
Q

Steroid receptors:

A

cytoplasm or nucleus

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16
Q

Responsiveness to hormone depends on:

A
  1. Hormone concentration
  2. Receptor number
  3. Duration of exposure
  4. Intervals between consecutive exposures
  5. Intracellular conditions, such as cofactors, enzymes, etc
  6. Concurrent presence of antagonistic or synergistic hormones
17
Q

GPCR signaling via Protein Kinase A

A
  1. Hormone (1st messenger binds)
  2. Receptor activates G protein (GaS)
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
    Triggers response of target cell: activates enzymes, stimulates, cellular secretion, opens ion channel)
18
Q

Hormones that act via cAMP

A

Epinephrine ACTH
FSH LH
Glucagon PTH
TSH Calcitonin

19
Q

GPCR signaling via Protein Kinase C

A
  1. Hormone binds
  2. Receptor activates GaQ
  3. G protein activates PL-CB
  4. PLCB activates PIP2 to IP3 stimulating increase in Ca2+ and release of DAG
  5. Diacylglycerol (DAG) activates PKC
20
Q

Steroid Hormone Action

A
  1. Steroid binding protein releases steroid hormone
  2. Hormone binds to receptor making hormone receptor complex
  3. Hormone receptor complex enters the nucleus binds to the hormone response element on the DNA to induce transcription
21
Q

Negative Feedback

A

negatively influenced by the product of the target organ

22
Q

Positive Feedback

A

positively influenced by the product of the target organ

23
Q

Neuronal Feedback

A

release of hormones as the result of nerve activity (release of oxytocin from suckling)

24
Q

Methods of detection: radioimmunoassay (RIA)

A

competition between radio labeled and unlabeled ligands for the antibody
HIGH SENSITIVITY, MORE SPECIFIC

25
Q

Methods of detection: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A

non-competitive or competitive but non-radioactive and calorimetric

26
Q

Endocrine disorders result from:

A
  1. hyper-function: excessive hormone - above normal activity

2. hypo-function: hormone deficiency - below normal activity

Physiology (8 decks)

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