Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OB-GYN Board Review > Physiology of the Female Pelvis > Flashcards

Physiology of the Female Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

oral contraceptives

A
  • inhibits ovulation and changes endo lining and cervical mucus
  • contain estrogen and progesterone
  • ovulatory phase should not occur
  • nondominant follicles may be present
  • endo appears as a thin echogenic line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

luteinizing hormone

A
  • essential in both males and females for reproduction
  • secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
  • increasing estrogen levels stimulate LH production
  • increase triggers ovulation and initiates the conversion of the residual follicle into a corpus luteum. corpus luteum produces progesterone to prepare the endo for possible implantation
  • LH surge typically lasts only 48 hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

LH releasing factor

A

becomes active after puberty

produced by the hypothalamus

released into the bloodstream, reaching the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

hormone that stimulates ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

FSH releasing factor

A
  • becomes active before puberty
  • produced by the hypothalamus
  • released into the bloodstream, reaching the anterior pituitary gland
  • low levels of estrogen stimulates FSH production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A
  • initiates follicular growth and stimulates the maturation of the graafian follicles
  • secreted by anterior pituitary gland
  • levels low in childhood and slightly higher after menopause
  • levels decline in late follicular phase and slight increase at end of luteal phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

corpus albcians

A

scar from previous corpus luteum

asymptomatic

hyperechoic focus within the ovary

differential: cystic teratoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

proliferation phase of the endo

A
  • overlaps the postmenstruation phase and occurs from days 6-14
  • increasing estrogen levels regenerates the functional layer
  • coincides with the follicular phase of the ovary
  • early phase 4-6mm
  • late phase 6-10mm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

luteal phase of the ovary

A
  • days 15-28
  • corpus luteum grows for 7-8 days, secreting some estrogen and an increasing amount of progesterone
  • if ovum is fertilized, the corpus luteum will continue to secrete progesterone
  • if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum regresses after 9 days and progesterone levels decrease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

postmenopause without hormone replacement

A
  • uterus generally decreases in length and width
  • endo thickness should not exceed 8mm in asymptomatic patients or 5mm with vaginal bleeding
  • ovaries atrophy and may be difficult to visualize
  • decrease in estrogen can shorten the vagina and decreasecervical mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

endometrium

A
  • thickness should not exceed 14 mm
  • thickness of the postmenopausal endo without hormone replacement therapy should not exceed 8mm and is consistently benign when measuring 5mm or less
  • fluid within the endo cavity is not included in the measurement of the endo thickness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mittelschmerz

A

used to describe pelvic pain preceding ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ovulatory phase of the ovary

A
  • occurs at the rupture of the graafian follicle-day 14
  • pelvic pain increases over the ovulatory ovary (mittelschmerz)
  • minimal amount of cul-de-sac fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

estrogen

A
  • primary female sex hormone
  • naturally occuring estrogens include estradiol, estroil, and estrone
  • primarily produced by developing follicles and the placenta
  • FSH and luteinizing hormone stimulate the production of estrogen in ovaries
  • breast, liver, and adrenal glands produce small amounts
  • promotes secondary sex characteristics, accelerates growth in height and metabolism, reduces muscle mass, stimulates endo growth and proliferation, and increases uterine growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

secretory phase of the endo

A
  • aka postovulatory or premenstrual phase
  • days 15-28
  • progestrone level increase stimulates changes in endo
  • 7-14mm
17
Q

polymenorrhea

A

time between monthly menstrual cycles that is fewer than 21 days

18
Q

levonorgestrel implants

A
  • inhibits ovulation and thickens cervical mucus
  • thin capsule is placed under the skin
  • lasts 5 yrs
  • ovulatory phase should not occur
  • endo appears as a thin echogenic line
19
Q

follicular phase of ovary

A
  • begins at strat of menstruation
  • ends at ovulation
  • generally 14 days
  • FSH stimulates the growth of primary follicles
  • dominant follicle will grow 2-3 mm/day
  • estrogen levels increase
  • days 1-5
  • days 6-13
20
Q

intrauterine device

A
  • foreign body is placed in endo cavity at level of fundus and superior corpus
  • paraguard- copper T shape
  • mirena- hormone releasing plasctic T shape
  • risks: infection, perforation, attachment to the basal layer
  • ovulation and formation of a corpus luteum continue
21
Q

precocious puberty

A
  • early pubic hair, breast, or genital development, early maturation or from other conditons
  • menstruation in girls before 10 years
  • functional ovarian cysts
  • pubic hair or genital enlargement in boys before 9 years
  • elevated hormone levels indicate the possible presence of a hypothalamus, gonad, or adrenal gland neoplasm
22
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menses

23
Q

simple cyst

A
  • premenarche: follicular in origin resulting from excessive hormones
  • menarche: failure of a dominant follicle to rupture
  • postmenopausal: follicular in orgin
  • asymptomatic
  • pelvic pain
  • irregular menses
  • anechoic, smooth walls, posterior enhancement, most measure < 5cm
  • differential: serous cystadenoma, paraovarian cyst, hydrosalpinx, bladder diverticulum
24
Q

precocious pseudopuberty

A
  • early breast development
  • adrenal or ovarian mass can secrete excess estrogen
  • uterine cervix is larger than the fundus
  • normal ovaries without functional follicles
25
Q

corpus luteum cyst

A
  • small, irregular anechoic structure
  • thick, irregular wall margins
  • may contain internal echoes
  • anechoic mass demonstrates peripheral hypervascularity (ring of fire)
26
Q

postmenopause with hormone replacement

A

includes both estrogen and progesterone

endo varies in thickness but should measure <8mm in diameter

atrophy of the ovaries is not as prevalent

27
Q

estradiol

A

during pregnancy estradiol levels will steadily rise

small amounts are present in the adrenal cortex and arterial walls

28
Q

functional cyst

A
  • benign cyst that respond to hormonal stimulation
  • asymptomatic
  • pelvic pain
  • anechoic ovarian mass measuring < 3cm
  • smooth wall margins
  • differential: paraovarian cyst, hydrosalpinx, bladder diverticulum
29
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

time between monthly menstrual cycles that exceeds 30 days

30
Q

depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate

A
  • inhibits ovulation and thickens cervical mucus
  • intramuscular injection every 3 months
  • ovulatory phase should not occur
  • endo appears as a thin echogenic line
31
Q

menorrhagia

A

abnormally heavy or long menses

32
Q

physiology of ovaries

A
  • 200,000 primary follicles
  • secretion of FSH stimulates follicular development
  • follicles will fill with fluid and secrete increasing amounts of estrogen
  • 5 to 11 follicles will begin to develop, with one reaching maturity each cycle
  • ovulation is regulated by the hypothalamus
  • LH peak 10 to 12 hours before ovulation
  • a surge in LH accomplished by a smaller FSH surge triggers ovulation
33
Q

menstrual phase of the endometrium

A
  • occurs days 1-5
  • functional layer undergoes necrosis from a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels
  • early phase 4-8mm
  • late phase 2-3mm
34
Q

progesterone

A
  • levels are low in childhood and postmenopause
  • produced in the adrenal glands, corpus luteum, brain, and placenta
  • increasing amounts of progesterone are produced during pregnancy
  • levels low during preovulatory phase, increase after ovulation, and remain elevated during the luteal phase
  • prepares endo for possible implantation or starting the nest menstrual cycle
35
Q

normally physiology of female pelvis

A
  • menstruation generally occurs between 11 and 13 years of age
  • cessation of menstruation usually occurs around age 50
  • mentrual cycle ranges 21 and 35 days, average 28 days
  • rupture of graafian follicle each cycle
  • menstruation depends on functional integrity of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovarian axis.
36
Q

hemorrhagic cyst

A
  • rupture of a blood vessel at ovulation
  • severe acute pelvic pain
  • nausea/ vomting
  • low-grade fever
  • complex, hypoechoic, possible septations, fluid in cul-de-sac
  • differential: torsion, cystadenoma, ectopic pregnancy, theca lutein cyst

OB-GYN Board Review (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions