Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Exam 3 - JLJ > Physiology of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Physiology of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the basilar membrane near the oval and round windows versus near the helicotrema?

A

Oval/Round Windows: narrow and stiff

Helicotrema: wider and more flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do high frequency sounds cause at the basilar membrane?

A

Greater deflection of the basilar membrane where it is narrow and stiff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do lower frequency sounds cause at the basilar membrane?

A

Greater deflection of the basilar membrane where it is loose and flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is the frequency of sound (pitch) coded?

A

Coded by where along the basilar membrane there is the greatest deflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define the auditory system

A

Detects sound and uses acoustic cues to identify and locate sound sources in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define sound

A

Oscillations of air pressure that vary rapidly with time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define amplitude

A

Sound pressure (intensity) specified by a scale of sound pressure level (SPL) in decibels (dB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define frequency

A

Number of oscillations of air pressure per second (Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is tonotopy? What does this apply to?

A

Applies to the inner ear, with distinct locations interpreting discrete frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the vibration of the basilar membrane create?

A

Creates a pressure differential, which results in a shearing force against the stationary tectorial membrane, causing the stereocilia of the outer hair cells to be displaced in that plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does depolarization of the cell occur?

A

When cation channels open at the apex of the stereocilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are stereocilia connected and what do these connections do?

A

Connected to each other via tip links that transmit force to an elastic gating spring, which in turn, opens the TRPA1 channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How fast can hair cells respond to a stimulus?

A

50 microseconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is endolymph?

A

Potassium-rich fluid filling the cochlear duct and membranous labyrinth; bathes the apical end of the hair cells; found in scala media, produced by stria vascularis

Similar to intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is perilymph?

A

Potassium-poor fluid that bathes the basal end of the cochlear hair cells; found in scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Similar to extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

After the hair cells have depolarized, what happens?

A

Calcium channels at the base of the cells open, calcium flows in, which causes neurotransmitter-filled vesicles to fuse with the basilar membrane and release the neurotransmitter glutamate into the synaptic cleft; the afferent cochlear nerve fibers are thus stimulated and transmit this signal to the CNS

17
Q

What are inner hair cells?

A

Primary source of auditory information; arranged in a single layer; synapse with the peripheral terminal of a primary afferent sensory neuron; an efferent neuron also modulates activity as well

18
Q

What are outer hair cells?

A

Primary cells that amplify sound waves that results in the movement of the basilar membrane; cells are also contractile, making them a specialized type of epithelial cell; 3 rows of outer hair cells that form a synapse with sensory afferent peripheral terminals from the spiral ganglion, as well as with terminals from efferent neurons

19
Q

What are OAE’s?

A

Sounds that the ear itself produces; originate in the superior olivary complex, known as olivocochlear efferents; medial olivary complex neurons innervate outer hair cells while lateral olivary complex neurons innervate inner hair cells

Measured in infants to assess function of inner and middle ears

20
Q

What are olivocochlear efferents?

A

Reduce electromotility of outer hair cells; decreases basilar membrane motion; reduce responses of inner hair cells and auditory nerve fibers

21
Q

What are media ear efferents?

A

Tensor tympani to the malleus and tympanic membrane, which attenuates sound; or stapedius to the stapes (from CN VII), which attenuates sound; may prevent damage; implicated in tinnitus

22
Q

What are autonomic efferents?

A

Arise from CN VIII; sympathetic adrenergic fibers; regulates vascular tone in blood supply to cochlea

23
Q

What is the function of the dorsal cochlear nuclei?

A

Integrates the acoustic information with somatosensory information

24
Q

What is the function of the ventral cochlear nuclei?

A

Begins processing the temporal and spectral features of the sound

25
Q

What is the function of the medial/lateral superior olivary nucleus?

A

MSO: generates a map of interaural time differences to help localization of sound

LSO: generates a map of interaural intensity differences to help localize the source of a sound

Receive glutamergic (excitatory) input and a tonotopic map is maintained

26
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A

Suppresses information related to echoes, which would interfere with localization and arrives at a final estimation of localization of sound along the horizon; information about time and intensity differences converge into the IC to help create a precise origin of sound location along the horizon

Tonotopic map is maintained in IC

27
Q

What is the function of the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

Processes features of speech inflections; precise information regarding intensity, frequency, and binaural properties of sound are integrated and relayed onward;

Tonotopic map is maintained

28
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex (A1)?

A

Essential in conscious perception of sound; higher order processing of sound (loudness, modulations in volume, rate of frequency modulation)

Tonotopic map is maintained

29
Q

What is the function of the secondary auditory association cortex (A2)?

A

Composed of multiple areas (Broca’s, Wernicke’s); less specifically organized in the tonotopic arrangement than the primary auditory cortex; thought to respond to more complex sounds (music), identifying (naming) a sound, and speech

30
Q

What is the function of the anterior semicircular canal?

A

Rotation in the vertical plane forwards maximally activates anterior semicircular canal (falling forward)

31
Q

What is the function of the horizontal semicircular canal?

A

Rotation in the horizontal plane is best detected by the horizontal semicircular canal (spinning/twirling)

32
Q

What is the function of the posterior semicircular canal?

A

Rotation in the vertical plane backwards maximally activates the posterior semicircular canal (falling backward)

33
Q

What is the function of the utricle?

A

Detects linear acceleration forward and backward (running)

34
Q

What is the function of the saccule?

A

Detects linear acceleration up and down (jumping)

Neuro Exam 3 - JLJ (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions