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Neuro Exam 3 - JLJ > Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pituitary gland called? What is the anterior pituitary gland called? What is the posterior pituitary gland called?

A

Pituitary: hypophysis

AP: adenohypophysis (epithelial portion)

PP: neurohypophysis (neural portion)

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2
Q

What is the hypophysial stalk?

A

Physical connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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3
Q

What is usually associated with pituitary tumors?

A

Visual problems, dizziness

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4
Q

What is found in the posterior pituitary?

A

Collection of axons and nerve terminals whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus, specifically from supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

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5
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

ADH from supraoptic nucleus and oxytocin from periventricular nucleus

These are neuropeptides

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6
Q

What is found in the anterior pituitary?

A

Collection of endocrine cells derived from primitive foregut

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7
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Connected by hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood vessels

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8
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, prolactin

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9
Q

These hormones can be directly delivered to the anterior pituitary in high concentrations, but do not appear in high concentrations in systemic circulation.

A

Hypothalamic-releasing hormones or release-inhibiting hormones

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10
Q

The connections between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary are _______. The connections between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary are both ______ and _______.

A

Neural; neural and endocrine

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11
Q

What makes up the ACTH family in the anterior pituitary?

A

Corticotrophs, which secrete ACTH

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12
Q

What makes up the TSH, FSH, LH family in the anterior pituitary?

A

Thyrotrophs, which secrete TSH and gonadotrophs, which secrete FSH and LH

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13
Q

What makes up the GH and prolactin family in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotrophs, which secrete GH and lactotrophs, which secrete prolactin

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14
Q

What is primary endocrine disorder?

A

Low or high levels of hormones due to defect in the peripheral endocrine gland

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15
Q

What is secondary endocrine disorder?

A

Low or high levels of hormones due to defect in the pituitary gland

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16
Q

What is tertiary endocrine disorder?

A

Low or high levels of hormones due to defect in the hypothalamus

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17
Q

What are the anterior pituitary gland axes?

A 
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad
Hypothalamic-pituitary-liver
Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
18
Q

How are FSH and LH regulated?

A

Regulated by hypothalamic GnRH release (pulsatile); extreme energy deficits (anorexia nervosa or starvation), extreme exercise, and depression can inhibit GnRH function

19
Q

What is the function of FSH and LH?

A

Promotes estrogen and progesterone secretion in females; promotes testosterone production in males

20
Q

What does a normal menstrual cycle depend on?

A

LH and FSH

21
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Characterized by excessive growth of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone in the face, hands, and feet; develops very gradually and may not be recognized until has been present for many years; caused by prolonged and excessive secretion of GH in adult life

22
Q

What does GH target? What is the GH receptor linked to? How is GH regulated?

A

Targets liver and bone; GH receptor linked to JAK-STAT signaling; inhibited by somatostatin and IGF-1 signaling as part of negative feedback

23
Q

What stimulates GH?

A

Fasting/hunger/starvation, hypoglycemia, hormones of puberty, exercise, sleep, stress

24
Q

What are the direct actions of GH?

A

Growth, cell reproduction, metabolism (increase glyogen and fat breakdown for energy and increased protein synthesis)

25
Q

What is hypertrophy? Give an example

A

Increase in size/volume of cells; example is increased bone thickness

26
Q

What is hyperplasia? Give an example

A

Increase number of cells or proliferation rate via mitosis; example is increase in bone length

27
Q

What are the indirect actions of GH?

A

Majority of growth is indirect method; tropic function; signals to liver to produce IGF (insulin-like growth factors); targets almost every cell in the body; stimulates hypertrophy and hyperplasia

28
Q

What are the somatostatins? Where are they located?

A

Growth hormone release hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH); hypothalamus

29
Q

What are the somatotropins? Where are they located?

A

Growth hormone (GH); anterior pituitary

30
Q

What are the somatomedin C’s? Where are they located?

A

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); liver

31
Q

What is gigantism?

A

Excess in GH before closure of bone epiphyses due to IGF-1 stimulated long bone growth; before puberty

32
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excess in GH after closure of bone epiphyses due to promotion of growth of deep organs and cartilaginous tissue; after puberty

33
Q

Describe prolactin (PRL)

A

Synthesized by lactotropes; secretion begins to increase around 5th week of pregnancy; secretion is pulsatile; it is under tonic inhibition by hypothalamic dopamine; primary action is to stimulate and maintain lactation; suppresses GnRH (inhibits FSH/LH); decreases reproductive function and suppresses sexual drive

34
Q

What are stimulating factors for PRL secretion?

A

Pregnancy (estrogen), breast-feeding (suckling), sleep, stress, TRH

35
Q

What are inhibitory factors for PRL secretion?

A

Dopamine, dopamine agonists, somatostatins, prolactin via negative feedback

36
Q

Describe pituitary adenomas

A

Hormone-producing pituitary adenomas that release an active hormone in excessive amounts into the bloodstream; patients usually experience symptoms related to the hormone action on the body

37
Q

What are some examples of pituitary adenomas and what is their percentage of occurrence?

A

Prolactinoma (60%), acromegaly/gigantism (20%), and Cushing’s disease (10%)

38
Q

What are causes of hypopituitarism?

A

1) Brain damage - traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, irradiation, stroke
2) Pituitary tumors
3) Non-pituitary tumors - craniopharyngioma (most common tumor affecting the HP axis in children)
4) Infections - meningitis, encephalitis, hypophysitis
5) Infarction - sheehan syndrome (pituitary in pregnancy is enlarged and more vulnerable to infarction)
6) Autoimmune disorders
7) Pituitary hypoplasia or aplasia
8) Genetic disorders

39
Q

What are the actions of oxytocin?

A

Milk ejection and uterine contractions

40
Q

What does milk letdown cause?

A

Stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells lining milk ducts

41
Q

What is pitocin?

A

Induction of labor

Neuro Exam 3 - JLJ (15 decks)

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