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Yr 2 - Respiratory System > Physiology of the Airway > Flashcards

Physiology of the Airway Flashcards

1
Q

What are present in the mucosa of the airway?

A

Pressure receptors

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2
Q

What nerve do receptors send impulses up when the pressure in the airway drops? What occurs after this?

A

An afferent nerve –> trigeminal nerve

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3
Q

What are afferent nerves?

A

Carry sensory information from the body to the CNS (brain)

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4
Q

Where do afferent fibres go?

A

Into the brainstem where information is processed

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5
Q

Where is the message sent after leaving the brainstem?

A

Sends efferent message down the vagus nerve to the muscles

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6
Q

What is effect of this impulse after drop in pressure of airway?

A

Makes muscles contract more so pressure changes

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7
Q

Describe basic pathway during drop in pressure

A

Pressure receptors –> Brainstem –> Pharyngeal muscle contraction

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8
Q

What controls pharyngeal muscle contraction?

A

Afferent (trigeminal) nerve

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9
Q

The brain controls muscles in the airway in response to what?

A

Changes in airway pressure

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10
Q

What can slow down reflexes and make airway control less efficient?

A

Sleeping, alcohol, anaesthetics

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11
Q

What % of the population suffers with snoring?

A

25%

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12
Q

What occurs during snoring?

A

Physiological slowing of the pharyngeal dilator reflexes, soft palate flaps as air tries to flow past it

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13
Q

What % of the population suffers with sleep apnoea?

A

10%

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14
Q

What is sleep apnoea?

A

Disorder where person has pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep (can last from few seconds to few minutes) –> diagnosed as number of times person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer

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15
Q

What are clinical features of sleep apnoea?

A

Snoring, daytime somnolence, associated with obesity and hypertension

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16
Q

How can obesity lead to sleep apnoea?

A

Fat in neck tissue makes airway narrower

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17
Q

What is treatment for sleep apnoea?

A
  1. Weight loss

2. CPAP

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18
Q

How does CPAP work?

A

Ventilator sticks in patients nose and blows gas down nose to keep airway pressure above atmospheric to stop it collapsing

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19
Q

What is needed to keep airway patent?

A

Continuous muscle activity

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20
Q

What is airway lining fluid produced by?

A

Ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells

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21
Q

What shape are epithelial cells in:

  1. Nose and pharynx
  2. Trachea and bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
A
  1. Pseudostratified
  2. Columnar
  3. Cuboidal
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22
Q

What happens to epithelial cells as you move further down the airways?

A

They get flatter and flatter until they merge with the alveolar cells

Somewhere just beyond bronchioles they lose their ccilia

23
Q

Where are the goblet cells?

A

In amongst the epithelial cells

24
Q

What are goblet cells full of? What is purpose of this?

A

Mucin –> protects lungs

25
Q

What are mucin granules released in response to?

A
  1. Airway irritation
  2. Tobacco smoke
  3. Infection
26
Q

What 2 layers does airway lining fluid form?

A
  1. Periciliary layer

2. Mucous layer

27
Q

Where is the periciliary layer?

A

Next to the cell (water layer)

28
Q

Where is the mucous layer?

A

Above the periciliary layer (gel layer)

29
Q

What is function of airway lining fluid?

A

Catches any dirt from air. Cilia then moves airway lining fluid along and is removed by lungs

30
Q

What layer are cilia found in and why?

A

Live within periciliary layer –> not viscous so can move around

31
Q

What motion do cilia move in?

A

Effective stroke and recovery stroke

32
Q

What are cilia inhibited by?

A
  • Tobacco smoke
  • Inhaled anaesthetics
  • Air pollution
  • Infections
33
Q

Why is smoker’s cough worse in the morning?

A

During night cilia begin to work again and move mucus towards larynx

34
Q

How is airway lining fluid involved in humidification?

A

Heat and water evaporate from fluid and humidifies gases as they are inhaled

Heat and water go back into the mucosa during exhalation (prevents losing too much water)

35
Q

What is purpose of air humidification?

A

Stops alveolar cells drying out

36
Q

Why is nose breathing better than mouth breathing?

A

Air has further to travel so more exposure to fluid

37
Q

Describe changes in thickness of periciliary and mucous layer?

A

Periciliary –> Always remains same thickness

Mucous layer –> Changes thickness depending on air moisture

38
Q

What is CF caused by?

A

Abnormality of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein

Fluid becomes more viscous and cilia struggle to move –> prone to chest infections

39
Q

What is the CFTR protein?

A

Protein on epithelial cells that controls salt from airway lining fluid

40
Q

Why do big inhaled particles not enter the lungs?

A

Have enough weight to carry on and stick to back of pharynx instead of turning corner

Captured by mucosa in the upper airway

41
Q

What makes smaller inhaled particles drop and stick to bronchioles?

A

Airflow in bronchioles is slow

42
Q

What determines where an inhaled particle is deposited?

A

The size of the particle

43
Q

Where are smaller particles often deposited?

A

Alveoli –> may be used to influence inhaled drug deposition

44
Q

How is the gel layer effective as a pulmonary defence?

A

Prevents pathogens getting through to epithelial cells below

45
Q

What non-immunological systems are involved in pulmonary defence?

A
  1. Physical barrier
  2. Removal of pathogens
  3. Chemical inactivation (lysosomes, protease enzymes, antimicrobial peptides)
  4. Alveolar macrophages
46
Q

How are alveolar macrophages involved in pulmonary defence?

A

Engulfs dust, pathogens and other particles found in alveolus

47
Q

Where is IgA/IgG/IgE found in regards to pulmonary defence?

A

IgA –> Nose and large airways
IgG –> Small airways
IgE –> Allergic disease

48
Q

How is humoral system involved in pulmonary defence?

A
  • Inhibit binding of pathogens
  • Complement activation
  • Recruitment of immune cells
49
Q

How is cell-mediated system involved in pulmonary defence?

A
  • Epithelial cells can recognise pathogens and release cytokines
  • Macrophages
50
Q

How many deaths per year in UK are attributable to air pollution?

A

40,000

51
Q

What can inhaling particulate matter result in?

A

Lung and systemic inflammatory response

52
Q

What can inhaling nitrous oxides result in?

A

Airway irritation and asthma

53
Q

What can inhaling ozone result in?

A

Airway irritation and cough

Yr 2 - Respiratory System (22 decks)

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