Anatomy - Lungs & Pleurae Flashcards
What forms the Adam’s apple / thyroid prominence / laryngeal prominence?
2 thyroid cartilages which come to merge in the midline
Important in examination
Where do the vocal cords lie?
Posterior to the thyroid cartilage
What does the cricoid cartilage surround?
Ring of cartilage that surrounds the trachea
What is function of cricoid cartilage?
Provides support and keeps it open
What shape is the cricoid cartilage? Why is it this shape?
C-shaped
Because just posterior there is the oesophagus so when we swallow the food pipe distends and can encroach onto the trachea.
What muscle is found on posterior aspect of trachea?
Trachealis
Where can emergency access to airway in neck be found?
What is this membrane called?
Between thyroid and cricoid cartilage there is membrane
Cricothryoid membrane
Describe difference in appearance between left and right bronchi
Right bronchus is broader and more vertical compared to left
Which lung is foreign bodies more likely to enter? Why?
Right lung (due to shape of right bronchus)
What is the larynx continuous with?
Trachea
What is the larynx?
The passageway for air between the pharynx above and the trachea below
What is air conditioned by after entering nasal/oral cavity? What type of flow does this produce?
Nasal conchae
turbulent flow
Where does air enter after passing through nasal conchae?
- Nasopharnyx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Trachea
- 1ary bronchi
What is the hilum of the lung?
Is where number of structures enter and leave the lung itself (e.g. bronchi)
What blood do pulmonary arteries carry?
Deoxy
What blood do pulmonary veins carry?
Oxy
Where does apex of lung project?
Projects 2-3cm superior to clavicle
What comprises the root of the lung?
Comprised of primary bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins.
Where is the root of the lung located?
Located at the hilum of each lung
What angle is at T4/T5?
Sternal angle
What is vertebral level T4/T5?
A transverse plane that passes through the sternal angle on the anterior chest wall and the intervertebral disc of T4-T5.
What is found at T4/T5 level?
- Trachea bifurcates
- Arch of aortal begins and ends (at the transverse plane between the sternal angle anteriorly and the vertebral level of T4-T5 posteriorly)
- Pulmonary trunk bifurcates to form right and left pulmonary arteries (going toward lung)
Describe difference between shape of right and left lung
- Right lung is shorter and broader than left
- Right lung has 3 lobes split by fissures (oblique, horizontal)
- Left lung has 2 lobes (oblique fissure)
What is this difference between shape of lungs due to?
Presence of heart
What does the oblique fissure separate?
separates upper lobe from lower lobe
What does horizontal fissure separate?
separates right lung into upper, middle and lower lobe
What is the lingula of the lung?
Left lung - where middle lobe would have formed but doesn’t continue to develop
refers to the tip or tongue-like projection of the upper lobe of the left lung
What impressions are found on the left lung?
Cardiac impression
Aorta impression
What is the pulmonary ligament of the lung?
Slight extension of hilum at interior aspect. Is a reflection of mediastinal parietal pleura below the lung root on each side
Where is parietal pleura?
Sticks to inner surface of body wall.
Where is visceral pleura?
Around lung
Where is pleural fluid found?
Between 2 layers of pleura
What is function of pleural fluid?
Important in creating surface tension between layers of pleura. Allows changes in shape of thoracic cage to be conformed to the lung (changes size of lung and pressures).
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
Potential space in pleura cavity in which lung can expand during forced inspiration
Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess found?
a potential space in the pleural cavity, at the posterior-most tips of the cavity, located at the junction of the costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura
What is effect of increased sympathetic activity on heart rate?
Increased
What is effect of increased parasympathetic activity on heart rate?
Descreased
What provides parasympathetic innervation to heart/lungs/digestive tract?
Vagus nerve
Where does vagus nerve originate?
Is the tenth cranial nerve that from the medulla of the brainstem
Which vagus nerve innervates the SA node?
Right
What provides sympathetic innervation to structures in thorax?
Sympathetic chain
Where does sympathetic chain reside?
Either side of vertebrae
