Physiology of Normal White Blood Cells Flashcards
What does haematopoiesis mean?
- haemato = blood cells
- poiesis = creating something
What is a hematopoietic stem cell?
- stem cell of bone marrow
What are the 2 main categories that hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into?
- myeloid progenitor cells
- lymphoid progenitor cells
What are myeloid progenitor cells?
- cells able to differentiate into blood cells
What are lymphoid progenitor cells?
- cells able to differentiate into lymphocytes
What are the 4 categories of cells myeloid progenitor cells can differentiate into?
1 - erythrocytes
2 - mast cells
3 - megakaryocytes
4 - myeloblasts
What are erythrocytes more commonly known as?
- red blood cells
What do megakaryocytes differentiate into?
- platelets
What do myeloblasts differentiate into?
- neutrophils
- basinophils
- eosinophils
- monocytes
Monocytes are found in the circulation, once they move into tissues, what do they differentiate into?
- macrophages
What are the 2 categories of cells lymphoid progenitor cells can differentiate into?
- large lymphocytes = natural killer cells (granular)
- small lymphocytes = T and B cells
What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
- receptors on the cells of the innate immune system
What 2 different types of molecules pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are able to detect?
- pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)
- damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP)
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are able to detect pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP). What are PAMPs?
- parts of pathogens not normally in the body
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are able to detect damage associated molecular patterns (PAMP). What are DAMPs?
- cells present peptides for PRRs to bind
- these peptides tell immune cells the cell is damaged
- cell is phagocytosed and recycled
Do PRRs secrete cytokines upon coming into contact with PAMPs and DAMPs?
- generally no
What locations in the body can PRRs commonly be found?
- skin
- epithelial cells
- mucosal cells
- vascular endothelial cells
- fibroblasts
What are the 2 most common PRRs that we need to know about?
- toll like receptors
- C-type Lectin Receptors
Are macrophages able to signal other immune cells?
- yes
As a professional antigen presenting cell, what do macrophages act as the bridge between?
- innate and adaptive immunity
Which major histochemical complex class do macrophages use to present antigens to the adaptive immune system?
- MHC-II
What are toll like receptors?
- receptors on all leukocytes
- they alert the body to initiate an immune response
Macrophages do no not initially produce cytokines as they try to deal with PAMPs and DAMPs themselves. When would they secrete cytokines?
- toll like receptors signal them to release cytokines
- generally when pathogen or damaged cell is too much for the macrophage to manage alone
What are cytokines?
- peptides secreted by immune cells
- help cells communicate
What are the 3 most important functions of cytokines?
1 - mediate and regulate immunity
2 - mediate and regulate inflammation
3 - mediate and regulate hematopoiesis
Are all toll like receptors located intra or inter-cellularly?
- both
What is myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (MyD88)?
- a signalling protein within immune cells
What is the function of myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (MyD88)?
- MyD88 initiates intracellular pathway
- increase inflammatory cytokines and inflammation
In addition to toll like receptors, macrophages have a number of other receptors. One of which is a lipopolysaccharide receptors. What are these receptors?
- receptors that recognises bacteria cell wall liposaccharides
In addition to toll like receptors, macrophages have a number of other receptors. One of which is a scavenger receptors. What are these receptors?
- receptors that bind with oxidised LDL
In addition to toll like receptors, macrophages have a number of other receptors. One of which is a opsonin receptors. What are these receptors?
- receptors able to recognised antibodies
- antibodies bound to pathogens
- signal to macrophage to phagocytose the pathogen
Do neutrophils have a long or short life span?
- short life span