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HLB Cardiac > Physiology of Normal White Blood Cells > Flashcards

Physiology of Normal White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What does haematopoiesis mean?

A
  • haemato = blood cells

- poiesis = creating something

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2
Q

What is a hematopoietic stem cell?

A
  • stem cell of bone marrow
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3
Q

What are the 2 main categories that hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into?

A
  • myeloid progenitor cells

- lymphoid progenitor cells

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4
Q

What are myeloid progenitor cells?

A
  • cells able to differentiate into blood cells
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5
Q

What are lymphoid progenitor cells?

A
  • cells able to differentiate into lymphocytes
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6
Q

What are the 4 categories of cells myeloid progenitor cells can differentiate into?

A

1 - erythrocytes
2 - mast cells
3 - megakaryocytes
4 - myeloblasts

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7
Q

What are erythrocytes more commonly known as?

A
  • red blood cells
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8
Q

What do megakaryocytes differentiate into?

A
  • platelets
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9
Q

What do myeloblasts differentiate into?

A
  • neutrophils
  • basinophils
  • eosinophils
  • monocytes
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10
Q

Monocytes are found in the circulation, once they move into tissues, what do they differentiate into?

A
  • macrophages
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11
Q

What are the 2 categories of cells lymphoid progenitor cells can differentiate into?

A
  • large lymphocytes = natural killer cells (granular)

- small lymphocytes = T and B cells

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12
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A
  • receptors on the cells of the innate immune system
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13
Q

What 2 different types of molecules pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are able to detect?

A
  • pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

- damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP)

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14
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are able to detect pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP). What are PAMPs?

A
  • parts of pathogens not normally in the body
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15
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are able to detect damage associated molecular patterns (PAMP). What are DAMPs?

A
  • cells present peptides for PRRs to bind
  • these peptides tell immune cells the cell is damaged
  • cell is phagocytosed and recycled
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16
Q

Do PRRs secrete cytokines upon coming into contact with PAMPs and DAMPs?

A
  • generally no
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17
Q

What locations in the body can PRRs commonly be found?

A
  • skin
  • epithelial cells
  • mucosal cells
  • vascular endothelial cells
  • fibroblasts
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18
Q

What are the 2 most common PRRs that we need to know about?

A
  • toll like receptors

- C-type Lectin Receptors

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19
Q

Are macrophages able to signal other immune cells?

A
  • yes
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20
Q

As a professional antigen presenting cell, what do macrophages act as the bridge between?

A
  • innate and adaptive immunity
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21
Q

Which major histochemical complex class do macrophages use to present antigens to the adaptive immune system?

A
  • MHC-II
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22
Q

What are toll like receptors?

A
  • receptors on all leukocytes

- they alert the body to initiate an immune response

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23
Q

Macrophages do no not initially produce cytokines as they try to deal with PAMPs and DAMPs themselves. When would they secrete cytokines?

A
  • toll like receptors signal them to release cytokines

- generally when pathogen or damaged cell is too much for the macrophage to manage alone

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24
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • peptides secreted by immune cells

- help cells communicate

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25
Q

What are the 3 most important functions of cytokines?

A

1 - mediate and regulate immunity
2 - mediate and regulate inflammation
3 - mediate and regulate hematopoiesis

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26
Q

Are all toll like receptors located intra or inter-cellularly?

A
  • both
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27
Q

What is myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (MyD88)?

A
  • a signalling protein within immune cells
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28
Q

What is the function of myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (MyD88)?

A
  • MyD88 initiates intracellular pathway

- increase inflammatory cytokines and inflammation

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29
Q

In addition to toll like receptors, macrophages have a number of other receptors. One of which is a lipopolysaccharide receptors. What are these receptors?

A
  • receptors that recognises bacteria cell wall liposaccharides
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30
Q

In addition to toll like receptors, macrophages have a number of other receptors. One of which is a scavenger receptors. What are these receptors?

A
  • receptors that bind with oxidised LDL
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31
Q

In addition to toll like receptors, macrophages have a number of other receptors. One of which is a opsonin receptors. What are these receptors?

A
  • receptors able to recognised antibodies
  • antibodies bound to pathogens
  • signal to macrophage to phagocytose the pathogen
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32
Q

Do neutrophils have a long or short life span?

A
  • short life span
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33
Q

What are the first immune cells on the scene in the innate immune response?

A
  • neutrophils
34
Q

What are chemokines?

A
  • small cytokines

- specifically attract immune cells to site of damage

35
Q

Once neutrophils have reached the site of injury, chemokines are released. Where do these chemokines go to that can initiate the production and release of more neutrophils?

A
  • bone marrow
36
Q

IL-8 is a chemokine released to recruit neutrophils. Which cells are able to produce IL-8?

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • endothelial cells
37
Q

What microorganisms are neutrophils specifically effective at destroying?

38
Q

How do neutrophils phagocytose microorganisms?

A
  • within phagosomes

- use of reactive oxygen species

39
Q

In addition to reactive oxygen species, what else can cells use to phagocytose microorganisms?

A
  • low pH

- lysosomal enzymes

40
Q

Basinophils, eosinophils and neutrophils all contain granules and multiple nuclei. How can you distinguish between these cells?

A
  • characteristics of the nuclei

- staining

41
Q

What are eosinophils especially effective at killing?

A
  • parasites (worms)
42
Q

Do eosinophils release cytokines or histamines?

A
  • cytokines

- signal to adaptive immune response

43
Q

What type of immune response are basophils specifically involved in?

A
  • type 1 hypersensitivity

- IgE antibody binding

44
Q

Do basophils release cytokines or histamines?

A
  • both
  • histamines when no infection
  • cytokines when infection
  • once bound to antigen/antibody complex
45
Q

Histamines are released by basophils, what is their effect on the body?

A
  • ⬆️ vascular permeability
46
Q

Dendritic cells have an important role and act as the bridge between what?

A
  • innate and adaptive immune systems
47
Q

What are dendritic cells specific role?

A
  • bind antigens

- present on MHC-II to T cells

48
Q

Where do mast cells mature?

A
  • tissue after leaving circulation
49
Q

Where are mast cells commonly found in the body?

A
  • skin
  • connective tissue
  • mucosal epithelial cells of RT and GIT
50
Q

Mast cells secrete histamines, what does this do to blood vessels?

A
  • ⬆️ vasodilation

- ⬆️ permeability

51
Q

What immune response are mast cells commonly associated with?

A
  • type 1 hypersensitivity

- allergies

52
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A
  • a lymphocyte

- similar to cytotoxic T cells

53
Q

Are natural killer cells able to kill multiple types of cells, or a specific type of cell like cytotoxic T cells?

A
  • multiple cells

- anything with a non- self MHC-I antigen

54
Q

What leukocytes are the main killers of bacterial infections?

A
  • acute = neutrophils

- chronic = monocytes

55
Q

What immune are the main killers of viral infections?

A
  • B and T cells

- sometimes monocytes

56
Q

What leukocytes are the main killers of parasitic infections?

A
  • eosinophils

- mast cells are activates

57
Q

What leukocytes are the main killers of fungal infections?

58
Q

What leukocytes are involved in type I hypersensitivity, called allergies?

A
  • mast cells
  • acute = basophils
  • chronic = eosinophils
59
Q

Cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a are all pro-inflammatory cytokines. When released what do they do to the blood vessels?

A
  • increase vascular permeability
60
Q

Cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 are released by monocytes, dendritic and endothelial cells. What leukocytes to they recruit?

A
  • neutrophils
61
Q

Cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a are all pro-inflammatory cytokines. When released what do they do to the body temperature?

A
  • ⬆️ temperature
  • cause fever
  • harder for microorganisms to function
62
Q

What important function do cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 have?

A
  • act as bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

- specifically T cells and natural killer cells

63
Q

What is the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)?

A
  • glycoprotein that acts like a cytokine

- stimulates haematopoiesis

64
Q

What are the 5 common symptoms associated with inflammation?

A 
1 - redness
2 - swelling
3 - pain
4 - heat
5 - loss of function
65
Q

In an inflammatory response, what do mast cells and basophils release to cause vasodilation at the site of inflammation?

A
  • histamines
66
Q

For basophils to release histamines what do they need to recognise as part of their pattern recognition receptors?

A
  • pathogen associated molecular patterns

- disease associated molecular patterns

67
Q

Once leukocytes have recognised inflammation, PAMPs and DAMPs, what cytokines are released?

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
  • TNF-a
  • IL-8 (neutrophil recruitment)
68
Q

Once inflammation has begun and there is an increase in vasodilation and vascular permeability, what is needed to ensure leukocytes are able to bind with endothelial cells?

A
  • cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
69
Q

What is the main role of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

A
  • help cells stick together

- key for leukocyte and endothelial interaction

70
Q

What are the 4 major families of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

A

1 - selectins
2 - mucin like
3 - integrins
4 - immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily

71
Q

Inflammation is a good response to tissue damage and infection, but it can also be bad. What happens if there is too much inflammation?

A
  • can cause sepsis
72
Q

What are some common clinical symptoms of sepsis?

A
  • fever
  • tachycardia (⬆️ HR)
  • tachypnea (⬆️ RR)
  • hypotension
  • organ dysfunction
73
Q

What causes sepsis and is it dangerous?

A
  • bacteria in the blood (septicaemia) (Gram + or -)

- high mortality rate 90%

74
Q

Which toll like receptor is heavily involved in sepsis?

A
  • toll like receptor 4
75
Q

In sepsis inflammation can cause subsequent damage to what?

A
  • vascular endothelial cells
  • ⬆️ fluid loss
  • ⬇️ in BP
76
Q

What is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine?

77
Q

Which leukocytes secrete the anti-inflammatory IL-10?

A
  • macrophages
78
Q

How is MyD88 inhibited to stop inflammatory cytokines?

A
  • pattern recognition receptors

- shorter version of MyD88

79
Q

What can be found in the the blood that is able to inhibit IL-1B and TNF-a?

A
  • soluble receptors in blood

- act as sponges to absorb IL-1B and TNF-a

80
Q

What is the difference between atherogenesis and atherosclerosis?

A
  • atherogenesis = development of plaque

- atherosclerosis = hardening of arteries

81
Q

Once a macrophage has phagocytosed the oxidised LDL, what does it become?

A
  • a foam cell
82
Q

Once the foam cell has reached its usefulness, what happens to it in the necrotic plaque?

A
  • necrosis

- releases it contents

HLB Cardiac (24 decks)

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