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HLB Cardiac > Anatomy Definition Lists > Flashcards

Anatomy Definition Lists Flashcards

1
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A
  • communication between 2 blood vessels
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2
Q

What is the aorta?

A
  • main artery of the body
  • all arteries derive from the aorta
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3
Q

Which valve and part of the heart does the ascending aorta come from?

A
  • aortic valve
  • left ventricle
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4
Q

What is the aortic arch?

A
  • joins ascending and descending aorta
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5
Q

Which vertebrae does the aortic arch end at?

A

-T4

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6
Q

What connects the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk?

A
  • ligamentum arteriosum
  • remnant of the foetal ductus arteriosus
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7
Q

What are the blood vessels that arise from the aortic arch?

A
  • brachiocephalic artery (right only)
  • left common carotid artery - left sub clavian artery
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8
Q

What is an auricle?

A
  • small pouch in the wall of each atrium
  • functions to ⬆️ capacity of the heart
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9
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A
  • arteries supplying the heart with blood
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10
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A
  • largest vein supplying the heart
  • coronary veins drain blood into right atrium
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11
Q

Where is the mediastinum in the chest?

A
  • space in thorax
  • between pleural spaces (left and right lung)
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12
Q

What is contained within the mediastinum?

A
  • heart
  • aorta
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
  • thymus gland
  • nerves
  • lymphatics and
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13
Q

What do the tricuspid and mitral valves separate?

A
  • tricuspid = right atrium and ventricle
  • mitral = left atrium and ventricle
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14
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A
  • C3, 4 and 5 keeps us alive
  • only nerve to innervate the diaphragm
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15
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve enter the thorax?

A
  • through superior thoracic aperture
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16
Q

Where does the right phrenic nerve descend once it has entered the superior thoracic aperture?

A
  • descends anteriorly along the right lung root
  • runs alongside the right pericardium of the heart
  • enters diaphragm at the inferior vena cava opening
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17
Q

Where does the left phrenic nerve descend once it has entered the superior thoracic aperture?

A
  • descends anteriorly along the left lung root
  • crosses the aortic arch and bypasses the vagus nerve
  • runs alongside the left pericardium of the heart
  • enters diaphragm at the inferior vena cava opening
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18
Q

What is the sole purpose of the motor function of the phrenic nerve?

A
  • innervate the diaphragm
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19
Q

In addition to motor function, the phrenic nerve provides sensory information. Where does it provide sensory information from?

A
  • central tendon of the diaphragm
  • pericardium
  • parietal pleura
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20
Q

Can the visceral and parietal pleura feel pain?

A
  • parietal yes from phrenic nerve
  • visceral no from vague nerve (stretch only)
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21
Q

When looking at the heart anteriorly, out of the pulmonary veins supplying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, and the pulmonary arteries carrying de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, which is superior and inferior?

A
  • pulmonary arteries are superior
  • pulmonary veins are inferior
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22
Q

What is regurgitation in the heart?

A
  • blood flow backwards into the heart
  • generally due to defective valves
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23
Q

What is the sinoatrial node of the heart?

A
  • specialised cardiac muscle
  • located in upper wall of atrium
  • junction of superior vena cava
  • pacemaker of the heart
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24
Q

What is stenosis?

A
  • narrowing of an opening, blood vessel or valve
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25
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate from?

A
  • tenth cranial nerve (X)
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26
Q

Is the vagus nerve parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A
  • parasympathetic
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27
Q

What are some of the contents of the thoracic cavity that the vagus nerve innervates?

A
  • heart
  • swallowing
  • lungs
  • taste in oral cavity
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28
Q

What are the 2 joints where the respective vertebrae form a joint with the ribs?

A
  • costovertebral joint (body of vertebrae)
  • costotransverse joint (extension of vertebrae)
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29
Q

What is the name of the joint where the ribs joins the hyaline cartilage?

A
  • costo = rib
  • chondral = cartilage
  • costochondral joint
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30
Q

What is the name of the joint where the hyaline cartilage joins the sternum?

A
  • sterno = sternum
  • chondral = cartilage
  • sternochondral joint
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31
Q

Which ribs are aytipcal and typical?

A
  • aytipcal = 1-2 and 10-12
  • typical = 3-9
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32
Q

Why is rib 1 aytipcal?

A
  • only 1 articulating facet on head instead of 2
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33
Q

Why is rib 2 aytipcal?

A
  • has additional tuberosity
  • allows muscle attachments
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34
Q

Why is rib 10 aytipcal?

A
  • only 1 articulating facet on head instead of 2
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35
Q

Why are ribs 11 and 12 aytipcal?

A
  • only 1 articulating facet on head instead of 2
  • they have no necks
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36
Q

Which ribs forms a joint the mediastinal/angle of louis joint?

A
  • rib 2
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37
Q

How is it possible to distinguish between the intercostal muscles?

A
  • external = angle down towards pockets
  • internal = angle upwards towards heart
  • innermost = straight down
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38
Q

What runs in the groove on the inferior border of the ribs?

A
  • intercostal vein
  • intercostal artery
  • intercostal nerve
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39
Q

Where does the trachea divide at the carina into the primary bronchi in relation to the vertebrae?

A
  • T3-T4
  • sternal angle / angle of louis
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40
Q

A tracheotomy is an incision into the trachea to create an airway and helps people breathe if the upper airways are blocked. Where should the incision be made on the trachea?

A
  • horizontal line
  • below cricoid cartilage and between rings
  • above suprasternal notch
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41
Q

What does the bucket handle refer to in breathing?

A
  • lateral part of ribs resemble bucket handle
  • raising bucket handle increases chest capacity
  • ⬆️ lateral capacity
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42
Q

What does the pump handle refer to in breathing?

A
  • sternum resembles a pump
  • pump raises and increases chest capacity
  • ⬆️ posterior/anterior capacity
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43
Q

How many lobes are in the right and left lung?

A
  • left = 2 - upper and lower
  • right = 3
  • upper, lower and middle
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44
Q

What is the apices of the lung, and were can it be located?

A
  • tip of lungs
  • 2-3 cm above mid clavicle
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45
Q

Where does the mid axillary line run?

A
  • vertically down from middle of armpit
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46
Q

Where does the mid clavicular line run?

A
  • vertically down from middle of clavicle
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47
Q

Is the lower lobe easier to hear anteriorly or posteriorly?

A
  • posterior
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48
Q

Is the upper lobe easier to hear anteriorly or posteriorly?

A
  • anterior
  • above rib 4 on right side
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49
Q

When we fully inspire, roughly where will the inferior margin of the lung be?

A
  • rib 10
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50
Q

When we fully expire, roughly where will the inferior margin of the lung be?

A
  • rib 8-9
  • moves vertically 1-2 ribs
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51
Q

On the right lung is the horizontal fissure, separating the upper and middle, and lower and middle lobs. Which rib can this be located on the chest?

A
  • 4th rib
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52
Q

What is the anatomical landmark on the chest for the oblique fissure on the left and right lung?

A
  • 6th rib
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53
Q

The pleural membrane of the lungs reflects (bends around corners). What are the anatomical landmarks where these reflections occur relative to the midclavicular and midaxillary lines?

A
  • 8th rib in mid clavicular line
  • 10th rib in midaxillary line, then follows level of 12th rib
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54
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pleura seperating the lungs and thoracic cage?

A
  • visceral pleura
  • parietal space
  • parietal pleura
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55
Q

Where do the visceral and parietal pleura receive their innervation from?

A
  • sympathetic chain from T5-T12
  • parasympathetic from vagus nerve
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56
Q

What are the 4 regions of the parietal pleura, basically where reflections occur?

A

1 - cervical

2 -costal

3 - diaphragmatic

4 - mediastinal

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57
Q

What is, and where is the costodiaphragmatic recess located in the thorax?

A
  • outside base of each lung
  • anatomical dead space allowing lungs to expand
  • collects pleural fluid
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58
Q

When looking at the mediastinal surface of left lung, what are the 3 main parts of the mediastinum (CVD wise) that would cause impressions?

A

1 - arch of aorta

2 - descending thoracic aorta

3 - cardiac impression

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59
Q

What is the root of the lungs?

A
  • collection of structures connecting the lung to the mediastinum
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60
Q

What is the hilum of the lungs?

A
  • place on the lung where these structures enter and leave the lung
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61
Q

What makes up the lung root?

A
  • primary bronchi
  • pulmonary veins
  • pulmonary arteries
  • lymphatic vessels
  • nerves
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62
Q

Where is the lingual located on the lungs?

A
  • anterior surface
  • inferior medial border
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63
Q

What 2 cavities does the diaphragm seperate?

A
  • thoracic
  • abdominal
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64
Q

Where do the muscle fibres of the diaphragm arise from and converge (meet up)?

A
  • margins of the inferior thoracic aperture
  • converge into the central tendon
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65
Q

What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A
  • xiphoid process
  • costal margin (ribs 6-12)
  • crura ligaments from sides of lumbar vertebrae
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66
Q

When a patient is lying and standing the position of the diaphragm changes due to internal organs. Which rib would the diaphragm be likely to align with when lying and standing?

A
  • lying = 5th rib
  • standing 6-7th rib
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67
Q

Where do the left and right internal thoracic arteries begin?

A
  • left and right subclavian arteries
68
Q

Where does the left and right internal thoracic arteries run?

A
  • posterior to 1-6 costal cartilages then bifurcates
  • 1cm lateral to the sternum
69
Q

Where do the left and right pericardiophrenic arteries begin?

A
  • from internal thoracic arteries at 1st rib
70
Q

Where do the left and right pericardiophrenic arteries run?

A
  • alongside phrenic nerve
  • alongside mediastinum
71
Q

If someone were to swallow something, would the object get trapped in the right or left primary bronchi?

A
  • right
  • follows line of trachea better
72
Q

Which nerves supply the costal pleura?

A
  • intercostal nerves
73
Q

Which nerve supplies the mediastinal pleura?

A
  • phrenic nerves
74
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A
  • collapsed lung
  • air in pleural space ⬇️ volume and ⬆️ pressure
75
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A
  • fluid in pleural space
76
Q

What is the anatomical landmark on the chest for the apex location?

A
  • on midclavicular line
  • fifth intercostal space
77
Q

Where can the loudest point of the heart be heard using a stethoscope?

A
  • apex of heart beat.
  • midclavicular line on fifth intercostal space
  • called apex beat
78
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A
  • top when looking anteriorly
  • formed by the atrium (mostly the left)
79
Q

What is the name of the plane that separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A
  • transthoracic plane / plane of ludwig
  • occurs at T4 at angle of louis / sternal angle
80
Q

What location on the chest does the aortic arch end?

A
  • T4
  • angle of Louis / sternal angle
81
Q

What location on the chest does the trachea bifurcate?

A
  • T4
  • angle of Louis / sternal angle
82
Q

What location on the chest does the azygos vein drain into SVC?

A
  • T4
  • angle of Louis / sternal angle
83
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart, moving from inside of heart to outside?

A
  • innermost = endocardium
  • middle = myocardium (myo = muscle)
  • outermost = epicardrium (epi = outer)
84
Q

What is attached to the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves that is important for them to open and close effectively?

A
  • chordae tendineae
85
Q

The chordae tendineae that help the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves open and close need to attach to the walls of the inner heart. What muscles allow this attachment?

A
  • papillary muscles
  • 3 in right ventricle (tricuspid valve has 3 flaps)
  • 2 in left ventricle (bicuspid/mitral valve has 2 flaps)
86
Q

What is the fossa ovalis, also referred to as the foramen?

A
  • scar tissue connecting right and left atrium
87
Q

What is the muscle separating the right and left ventricle called?

A
  • intraventricular septum
88
Q

In a similar way to the pleura of the lungs the heart also has a pleural space. What are the 3 layers make up the pericardium, including the space?

A
  • serrous pericardium visceral layer
  • pericardial space
  • serrous pericardium parietal layer
89
Q

What is the outer most layer of the heart called?

A
  • fibrous pericardium
  • normally has a layer of fat on it called pericardial fat
90
Q

What are the 3 functions of the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • anchor the heart
  • protect the heart
  • stop the heart from over filling
91
Q

What are nodal cells?

A
  • called funny channels, specialised myocytes
  • cells able to spontaneously produce an action potential
  • no external stimulus needed from ANS
92
Q

What is the flow of the conducting system of the heart?

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje Fibres
93
Q

What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify where the tricuspid valve is located?

Remember aptm 2245

  • aptm is read as apartment

OR All Prostitues Take Money

A
  • right of sternum
  • 4th intercostal space
94
Q

What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify where the mitral valve is located?

Remember aptm 2245

  • aptm is read as apartment

OR All Prostitues Take Money

A
  • mid-clavicular line
  • 5th intercostal cartilage
95
Q

What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify where the aortic valve is located?

Remember aptm 2245

  • aptm is read as apartment

OR All Prostitues Take Money

A
  • posteriorly to the right side of the sternum
  • 2rd intercostal space
96
Q

What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify where the pulmonary valve is located?

Remember aptm 2245

  • aptm is read as apartment

OR All Prostitues Take Money

A
  • on left of thoracic wall
  • left side of sternum
  • 2nd costal cartilage
97
Q

What does parasternal mean?

A
  • laterally to the sternum
  • left and right side
98
Q

What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify the best location for auscultation of the tricuspid valve?

A
  • left 4th intercostal space
  • parasternally
99
Q

What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify the best location for auscultation of the mitral valve?

A
  • left 5th intercostal space
  • midclavicular line
100
Q

What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify the best location for auscultation of the aortic valve?

A
  • right second intercostal space
  • parasternally
101
Q

What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify the best location for auscultation of the pulmonary valve?

A
  • left second intercostal space
  • parasternally
102
Q

2 heart sounds can be heard, titled S1 and S2. What are they?

A
  • S1 = closing of mitral and tricuspid valves (end of diastolic)
  • S2 = closing of aortic and pulmonary valves (end of systolic)
103
Q

What is a valvular prolapse?

A
  • valve slips out of its place
  • valve flaps may not close completely
104
Q

Where do the intercostal and subcostal arteries originate from?

A
  • paired branches origination posteriorly from aorta
  • intercostals supply 9 pairs of intercostals
  • subcostal supply abdomen wall muscles
105
Q

What is the jugular venous pulse also called jugular venous pressure (JVP) an indirect measure of?

A
  • venous blood pressure
  • blood in in right atrium
106
Q

What are the borders of the superior mediastinum?

A
  • superior thoracic aperture
  • inferior: plane of Ludwig (Thoracic plane)
  • anterior: manubrium
  • posterior: T1-T4/T5
  • lateral sides: mediastinal pleura
107
Q

What forms the limits of posterior mediastinum?

A
  • posteriorly = vertebrae T5-T12
  • inferiorly = diaphragm
108
Q

From the superior vena cava, what veins originate?

A
  • all left and right
  • brachiocephalic veins
  • internal and external jugular veins
  • sub clavian veins
109
Q

Where does the azygous vein run?

110
Q

Where does the azygous vein drain blood into and receive blood from?

A
  • drains into the superior vena cava
  • receives blood from posterior intercostals, bronchi veins and hemizygous vein
111
Q

Where does the hemizygous vein run?

112
Q

Where does the hemizygous vein drain blood into and receive blood from?

A
  • drains into azygos vein
  • receives blood from left posterior intercostal veins at levels
113
Q

There are 3 openings in the diaphragm. What runs through and what vertebrae do they align with?

A
  • descending aorta = T12
  • inferior vena cava = T8
  • oesophagus = T10
114
Q

What is the function of the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves, and where do they originate from?

A
  • originate from the vagus nerve
  • innervate the larynx
115
Q

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve run?

A
  • passes between trachea and oesophagus
  • loops underneath right subclavian artery
116
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve run?

A
  • loops around arch of aorta
  • passes along trachea
117
Q

Inferiorly what does the pericardium anchor with?

A
  • central tendon of diaphragm
118
Q

What is the name of the wall that separates the atrium?

A
  • interatrial septum
119
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A
  • muscle walls of atria
  • resemble teeth of a comb, as in pecten bird
120
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae?

A
  • carnae = column
  • column like muscles on ventricle walls
121
Q

What is the moderator band located in the right ventricle only?

A
  • band of cardiac muscle
  • includes right bundle branch
  • ensures conduction throughout right ventricle
122
Q

What is pericardiocentesis?

A
  • removal of fluid from the pericardial space
123
Q

What is cardiac temponade?

A
  • chronic / large accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space
  • compression the heart
  • impaired filled and contraction follow
124
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A
  • abnormal enlargement of the heart
125
Q

Why can pain from the heart be felt on the left side of the body?

A
  • nerves T1-T5 supply jaw and left arm
  • intercostobrachial nerve (tickle nerve)
  • C3, 4 and 5 may overlap with T1-T5
  • nerves overlap hence deferred pain
126
Q

Where does blood enter the coronary circulation?

A
  • through aortic sinuses
  • small openings found within the aorta
  • behind the left and right flaps of the aortic valve
127
Q

How does blood enter the coronary circulation?

A
  • in diastole back-flow blood fills aortic sinuses
128
Q

Where does the right coronary artery rise from?

A
  • right aortic sinus
  • runs between right auricle and pulmonary trunk
  • descends along the right atrioventricular/costal groove
129
Q

Where does the right coronary artery supply blood to?

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • SA and AV nodes
130
Q

Where does the left coronary artery rise from?

A
  • aortic sinuses
  • runs between left auricle and pulmonary trunk
  • descends along the left atrioventricular/costal groove
131
Q

What is the coronary sulcus?

A
  • groove on the surface of the heart
  • separates the atria from the ventricles
132
Q

Where does the left coronary artery supply blood to?

A
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
133
Q

What is the left circumflex artery?

A
  • a bifurcation of the left coronary artery
134
Q

Where does the left circumflex artery supply blood to?

A
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
135
Q

The left coronary artery bifurcates into 2 coronary arteries, what are they?

A
  • left circumflex artery
  • anterior interventricular artery
136
Q

Where does the anterior interventricular artery supply blood to?

A
  • right ventricle
  • left ventricle
  • interventricular septum
137
Q

How far can the anterior interventricular artery run along the anterior aspect of the heart?

A
  • almost to the apex
138
Q

What does sulcus mean?

A
  • groove or indentation
  • like a canyon
139
Q

The coronary sinus drains the blood of the heart into the right atrium. Where is it located?

A
  • along the coronary sulcus
  • inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart
140
Q

Where does the small cardiac vein originate from?

A
  • anterior aspect of the right coronary sulcus
141
Q

Where does to small cardiac vein drain into?

A
  • coronary sinus
  • inferior surface of the heart
  • runs posteriorly and inferiorly joining coronary sinus
142
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein originate from?

A
  • apex of the heart
  • begins as anterior atrioventricular vein
143
Q

Where is the course of the great cardiac vein, and where does it drain?

A
  • ascends along anterior atrioventricular groove
  • courses to left entering coronary sinus
144
Q

Where does the middle cardiac vein originate from?

A
  • cardiac apex
145
Q

Where is the course of the middle cardiac vein, and where does it drain?

A
  • runs superiorly within posterior intraventricular groove
  • drains into coronary sinus
146
Q

What are Thebesian veins?

A
  • smallest cardiac veins
  • vessels that drain the inner surface of the myocardium
147
Q

If a coronary artery is partially occluded, what could that do to the part of the heart that it supplies blood to?

A
  • reduced perfusion of blood
  • ischaemia or myocardial infarction may occur
148
Q

If there is an occlusion in the right coronary artery, where in the heart may be affected?

A
  • right ventricle and atrium
149
Q

If there is an occlusion in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, where in the heart may be affected?

A
  • left ventricle and atrium
150
Q

If there is an occlusion in the left anterior descending coronary artery, where in the heart may be affected?

A
  • right ventricle, left ventricle and interventricular septum
151
Q

What does ischemia mean?

A
  • inadequate perfusion of blood to an organ or tissue
152
Q

What does hypoxia mean?

A
  • reduced supply of oxygen to a tissue
153
Q

What does infarction mean?

A
  • death of part or the whole of an organ that occurs when the artery carrying its blood supply to this tissue or organ is blocked
154
Q

Which 2 coronary arteries are most likely to join and where?

A
  • left anterior descending artery
  • right anterior descending artery
  • forms anastomoses close to apex
155
Q

How is cardiac dominance determined?

A
  • artery that gives rise to posterior descending artery
  • most people are right dominant
156
Q

What is an angiogram (also known as a cardiac catheterisation)?

A
  • dye added to blood
  • imaging of coronary arteries
157
Q

What is an angiogram (also known as a cardiac catheterisation) used to look at?

A
  • blood flow in coronary arteries
  • look for blockages
158
Q

The oesophagus leaves the posterior mediastinum through an opening in diaphragm at what vertebral level?

159
Q

The thoracic aorta leaves the posterior mediastinum through an opening in diaphragm at what vertebral level?

160
Q

Hypoxia is a reduced supply of blood to tissue or an organ. What is the major difference between pulmonary and system circulation in their response to hypoxia?

A
  • systematic = vasodilation
  • pulmonary = vasoconstriction
161
Q

How does the left lung receive its own blood supply?

A
  • directly from thoracic aorta (descending aorta)
162
Q

How does the right lung receive its own blood supply?

A
  • 3rd posterior intercostal artery
163
Q

Where do the intercostal arteries receive their blood supply from?

A
  • descending aorta
164
Q

How does the pericardium of the heart receive its own blood supply?

A
  • pericardial arteries
  • descending aorta
165
Q

If there is a blockage in a patients inferior vena cava, what vein is able to form an anastomoses, joining with inferior and superior vena cava?

A
  • azygous vein
166
Q

In addition to the aorta passing through the aorta hiatus, what else is able to pass through?

A
  • thoracic duct
  • azygos vein
167
Q

In addition to the oesophagus passing through the oesophageal hiatus, what important nerve is also able to pass through?

A
  • vagus nerves

HLB Cardiac (24 decks)

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