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HLB Cardiac > Heart and Fundamentals of Cardiovascular System (Middle Mediastinum) > Flashcards

Heart and Fundamentals of Cardiovascular System (Middle Mediastinum) Flashcards

1
Q

What is anterior border of the middle mediastinum?

A
  • anterior margin of pericardium
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2
Q

What is posterior border of the middle mediastinum?

A
  • posterior border of pericardium
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3
Q

What is lateral border of the middle mediastinum?

A
  • mediastinal pleura of the lungs
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4
Q

What is superior border of the middle mediastinum?

A
  • sternal angle at vertebrae T4
  • transverse thoracic plane
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5
Q

What is inferior border of the middle mediastinum?

A
  • superior surface of diaphragm
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6
Q

Where is the base and apex of the heart?

A
  • base = superior surface of heart
  • apex = inferior (bottom left) surface of the heart
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7
Q

Where are the auricles of the atrium?

A
  • antero-medial portion of the atrium
  • ⬆️ contractile force of the atrium
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8
Q

What does auricle mean in greek?

A
  • ear like flap
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9
Q

What does the inferior pericardium fuse with?

A
  • central tendon of diaphragm
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10
Q

What does adventitia mean in relation to blood vessels?

A
  • tunica adventitia (also known as externia)
  • outer layer of blood vessels
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11
Q

What part of the heart is dominant on the right border of the heart?

A
  • right atrium
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12
Q

What part of the heart is dominant on the inferior border of the heart?

A
  • right and left ventricle
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13
Q

What part of the heart is dominant on the superior border of the heart?

A
  • right and left atrium
  • great vessels
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14
Q

What are the fossa ovalis in the atrium?

A
  • remnants of foramen ovale (shunt betweem atria)
  • on atrial septum, seperating atrium
  • do not have function once baby is born
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15
Q

What is the coronary sinus in the heart?

A
  • collection of veins from coronary blood flow
  • delivers de-oxygenated blood from heart to right atrium
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16
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A
  • muscle fibres arranged like a comb
  • assists with increasing volume of right atrium
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17
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A
  • muscle fibres arranged like a comb - assists with increasing volume of right atrium
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18
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava drain blood from?

A
  • abdomen and rest of body
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19
Q

Where do the right and left pulmonary veins, bringing oxygenated blood, attach to the heart?

A
  • left atrium - left and right are both pairs of veins - left and right inferior and superior
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20
Q

Where do the right and left pulmonary veins, bringing oxygenated blood, attach to the heart?

A
  • left atrium - left and right are both pairs of veins (4 in total)
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21
Q

What is the Intratrial septum?

A
  • wall separating atrium
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22
Q

Where are the papillary muscles?

A
  • papillary = finger like
  • in left and right ventricles
  • base attaches to ventricle wall
  • apices attach to chordae tendineae
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23
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A
  • contract and pull on chordae tendineae - opens and closes valve - ensures valve leaflets do not prolapse
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24
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A
  • contract and pull on chordae tendineae - opens and closes valve - ensures valve leaflets do not prolapse
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25
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae?

A
  • roughened ridges of muscle
  • similar appearance to trabecular bone
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26
Q

What is the moderator band in the ventricles?

A
  • part of the trabeculae carnae - important in facilitating conduction into ventricles
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27
Q

Which ventricle is larger, the right or left?

A
  • left and has thicker wall - left due to increased pressure must work against
28
Q

Which parts of the aorta lie within the middle, superior and posterior mediastinum?

A
  • superior = arch of aorta - middle = ascending aorta - posterior = thoracic aorta
29
Q

Where are the semi lunar valves?

A
  • pulmonary artery and the aorta leave the ventricles
30
Q

Where are the semi lunar valves?

A
  • pulmonary artery and the aorta leave the ventricles
31
Q

What do the aortic sinuses do?

A
  • receive oxygenated blood from left ventricle
  • blood leaves arotic valve (AV)
  • AV closes and blood flows back through aortic sinuses
  • this blood supplies left and right coronary arteries
32
Q

What do the aortic sinuses do?

A
  • receive oxygenated blood from left ventricle - supplies left and right coronary arteries which supply heart with blood
33
Q

What does stenosis mean?

A
  • narrowing of valves
34
Q

What does regurgitation mean?

A
  • incomplete closing of valves
35
Q

What runs within the atrioventricular groove?

A
  • left and right coronary arteries
36
Q

Where do coronary arteries arise from?

A
  • aortic sinuses - above aortic valve
37
Q

Where is the sinu-atrial nodal branch of the coronary artery?

A
  • bifurcation of the right coronary artery
38
Q

Where is the sinu-atrial nodal branch of the coronary artery?

A
  • bifurcation of the right coronary artery
39
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch in to?

A
  • left circumflex artery
  • left marginal branch of circumflex artery
  • anterior intraventricular branch of left coronary artery
  • diagonal branch of anterior intraventricular branch
40
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch in to?

A
  • left circumflex artery - left marginal branch of circumflex artery - anterior intraventricular branch of left coronary artery - diagonal branch of anterior intraventricular branch
41
Q

What determines the dominance of the coronary artery?

A
  • coronary artery supplying posterior 3rd of intraventricular septum - artery supplying SA node
42
Q

What % of the population have their SA node coming from the circumflex artery?

A
  • 40%
43
Q

What % of the population have their SA node coming from the circumflex artery?

A
  • 40%
44
Q

What main parts of the heart does the left coronary artery supply with blood?

A
  • left atrium - left ventricle
45
Q

What are anastomosis?

A
  • communication/connection between coronary arteries - divisions of arteries
46
Q

What are anastomosis?

A
  • communication between coronary arteries - divisions of arteries
47
Q

When a coronary artery becomes blocked or damaged what can this cause clinically?

A
  • angina (chest pain) - myocardial infarction
48
Q

When a coronary artery becomes blocked or damaged what can this cause clinically?

A
  • angina (chest pain) - myocardial infarction
49
Q

Where does the coronary sinus receive blood from in the heart?

A
  • great vein - middle vein - small vein - posterior vein
50
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain the blood into?

A
  • right atrium
51
Q

What are the 2 parts of the outside of the heart?

A

1 - pericardium (outer) 2 - serous (inner) - referred to as a fibrous-serous sac

52
Q

What are the layers of the fibrous-serous sac of the heart?

A
  • visceral pleura = inner most layer around heart - pericardial space = middle layer - parietal pleura = outer layer lining pericardium
53
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardium composed of?

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
54
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the pericardium?

A

1 - protection from infections and trauma 2 - anchoring the heart 3 - prevents overfilling of the heart

55
Q

What is the Sinoatrial node?

A
  • specialised myocardial cells
56
Q

Where is the Sinoatrial node located?

A
  • junction of superior vena cava and aright atrium
57
Q

What does Sinoatrial node, also known as the pacemaker do?

A
  • receives stimulation - spreads innervation through atria using gap junctions
58
Q

What does Sinoatrial node, also known as the pacemaker do?

A
  • receives stimulation - spreads innervation through atria using gap junctions
59
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A
  • specialised myocardial cells
60
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

A
  • bottom of right atrium
61
Q

Once AV node is happy ventricles have filled sufficiently, what does it do?

A
  • send signals down bundle of His in interventricular septum - signal then spreads through Purkinje fibres
62
Q

The heart comes under control of the autonomic system. What controls the para and sympathetic aspects of the heart?

A
  • sympathetic = sympathetic trunk T1-T5 - parasympathetic = vagus nerve to SA node
63
Q

Where is the superficial and deep cardiac plexus?

A
  • superficial = arch of aorta - deep = bifurcation of trachea
64
Q

If the foreman ovale does not close at birth, what can happen?

A
  • causes a shunt - mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood
65
Q

If the foreman ovale does not close at birth, what can happen?

A
  • causes a shunt - mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood
66
Q

If the ductus arteriosus does not close at birth, what can happen?

A
  • called patent ductus arteriosus - causes lung congestion and complications

HLB Cardiac (24 decks)

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