Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology 2 > Physiology of Leukocytes > Flashcards

Physiology of Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Leukocytes are cells that like RBCS, have no nuclei.

A

False, they are complete cells with nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Leukocytes account for —– of total blood volume

A

<1%
(note: 99% by RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The main function of the WBCs is

A

Defense against disease (protect from damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, and cancer cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unlike RBCs, leukocytes slip out of the capillaries, that is called ——–

A

Diapedesis
(note: RBCs leave the capillaries when bleeding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or False: Diapedesis is the mean of transport for WBCs where they are needed in inflammation and immune responses.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

—— is the movement of WBCs towards a chemical stimulus. It happens when damaged cells release chemical molecules.

A

Chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemotaxis helps ——- the area of tissue damage for the ——.

A

identify, WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Following the identification of the area of tissue damage, what action do the WBCs take?

A

WBCs gather in large numbers to destroy foreign substances or dead cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When WBCs are mobilized for action, it is a sign of an ———.
What happens after this is detected?

A

Infection
Increase in WBC production (doubles) and appears in the blood within hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A WBC count above normal indicates ——–, a normal homeostatic response to an infection in the body.

A

Leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

WBCs are grouped into —- major categories on the basis of ——- and ——- characteristics.

A

2, structural, chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The 2 major categories of WBCs are

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

There are 5 types of leukocytes, what are they?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils are categorized as ————–.

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
(multi-shaped nuclei) (granules in the cytoplasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
Nuclei:
Cytoplasm:

A

Nuclei: Segmented into several lobes of different shapes
Cytoplasm: Abundance of membrane-enclosed granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are the 3 types of granulocytes distinguished?

A

By the varying affinity of their granules for dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Affinity of granules for dyes:
Eosinophils:
Basophils:
Neutrophils:

A

Eosinophils: Red dye eosin
Basophils: Basic blue dye
Neutrophils: Neutral, show no dye preference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes: Eosinophils
Nucleus:
Cytoplasmic granules:

A

Nucleus: bilobed nucleus
Cytoplasmic granules: Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes: Basophils
Nucleus:
Cytoplasmic granules:

A

Nucleus: bilobed nucleus
Cytoplasmic granules: Purplish/blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes: Neutrophils
Nucleus:
Cytoplasmic granules:

A

Nucleus: Multi lobed
Cytoplasmic granules: neutral, no dye preference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All blood cells originate from the same ———- cells in the bone marrow.

A

Pluripotent stem cells (Hemocytoblast/Multipotential hematopoietic stem cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A hemocytoblast can differentiate into either a common myeloid progenitor, which differentiates into ——, ——, or ——-, or into a common lymphoid progenitor, which differentiates into ————-.

A

Erythrocytes, Myeloblast (later becomes WBCs), or Megakaryocyte (later becomes platelets)
(note: it can also differentiate into mast cells)

Small lymphocyte (becomes either T or B lymphocytes, B lymphocytes become plasma cells) or Natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the leukocytes in order from the most abundant to the least abundant

A

Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Leukocytes are the least numerous of the ———- in the blood.

A

Cellular elements
(1 WBC for 700 RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The total number of leukocytes (WBC count)

A

7x10^6 cells/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

——- of circulating WBCs are granulocytes, whereas ——- are agranulocytes (predominantly ———)

A

2/3, 1/3, lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or false: The total number of WBCs and % of each type do not vary for certain body needs.

A

False, they vary to meet defense needs

28
Q

Chemokines (chemical messengers) from damaged tissue or activated WBCs govern the

A

Rate of production of WBCs (and which type)

29
Q

Chemokines regulate the rate of production of WBCs. Example:
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) will ——- replication and release of ———-, especially neutrophils.

A

Increase, granulocytes

30
Q

Neutrophils:
Main functions:
1.
2.

A
  1. Phagocytic specialist
  2. First defenders against bacterial invasion (high neutrophils –> bacterial infection)
31
Q

Neutrophilia is ——————, and typically accompanies ————–.

A

The increase in the number of circulating neutrophils, acute bacterial infections

32
Q

Differential WBC count is useful in making accurate predictions on whether an infection (eg: pneumonia or meningitis) is ——- or ——–.

A

Bacterial or viral

33
Q

To predict bacterial or viral origin, culturing is used; however, culturing samples takes time. If a WBC count result shows neutrophilia that is highly indicative of ———.
If neutrophilia is confirmed, the next step would be to?

A

Bacterial infection
Initiate antibiotic therapy

34
Q

Eosinophils:
Main functions:
1.
2.

A
  1. Allergic conditions (eg: allergic asthma)
  2. Internal parasite infestations (eg: worms)
35
Q

How do eosinophils respond to parasitic worms, which are much greater in size?

A

Eosinophils attach to worms since they cannot engulf them, then secrete enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules to kill the parasites.

36
Q

Basophils:
Main functions:
1.
2.

A
  1. Store and release histamine during allergic reactions
  2. Store and release heparin after a fatty meal to remove fat particles, and act as an anticoagulant
37
Q

Basophils are quite similar to —– cells.
A difference would be that —– cells do not circulate in the blood, but are confined in ———- tissues.

A

Mast
Mast, connective

38
Q

After being released into the blood from the bone marrow, basophils remain in the blood for — day before leaving the blood vessel and reaching the tissue where they survive for —— days.

A

<1, 3-4

39
Q

Monocytes:
Main functions:
1.
2.

A
  1. Phagocytic specialist
  2. Mature and enlarge to form macrophages
40
Q

True or False: Monocytes continue to mature and enlarge in the blood to become macrophages.

A

False, in tissues
(note: they circulate for 1-2 days before settling in tissues)

41
Q

Unless destroyed while performing phagocytic activity, macrophages live for ———-.

A

Months to years

42
Q

Phagocytic cells succumb after

A

They ingest a certain amount of foreign material.

43
Q

Lymphocytes:
Main function:
1.

A
  1. Immune defense against targets for which they are programmed.
44
Q

There are — types of lymphocytes, list them

A

2
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

45
Q

B lymphocytes are —— which circulate in the blood.

A

Antibodies (immunoglobins)

46
Q

How do B lymphocytes perform their function?

A

Bind and mark the specific kind of foreign matter for destruction

47
Q

The function of T lymphocytes is to

A

Directly destroy their targets such as viruses and tumor cells

48
Q

The lifespan of lymphocytes is 100-300 days. During this period, lymphocytes are ——– in lymphoid tissues (eg: —–, ——), lymph, and blood. A small portion of lymphocytes are in-transit in the ——-.

A

recycled, tonsils/thymus/spleen, blood

49
Q

True or False: Levels of circulating WBCs may vary and are adjusted according to the body’s needs.

A

True

50
Q

Abnormalities in WBC production:
Too few WBCs:
Too many WBCs:

A

Too few WBCs: Leukopenia
Too many WBCs: Leukocytosis

51
Q

How does the bone marrow slow down or even stop its production of WBCs? (2 causes)

A
  1. Exposure to a toxic physical agent, like radiation
  2. Exposure to a chemical agent, like benzene or anticancer drugs (chemotherapy)
52
Q

In leukopenia, the most serious consequence is the reduction of —– (neutrophils and macrophages), because?

A

Phagocytes
It decreases the body’s defense capabilities against invading microorganisms.

53
Q

When the bone marrow fails, the only defense available are ——- produced by ——–.

A

Lymphocytes, lymphoid organs (thymus, tonsils, spleen)

54
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis:
Is a —– disease, caused by EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus) a type of herpes virus.
It is usually ——-, unless the patient has a weak immune system.

A

Viral
Asymptomatic (more than 90% of adults have already been exposed to EBV)

55
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis:
The number of ——— in the blood ——-, and many of them are ——— in structure.

A

Lymphocytes, increase, atypical

56
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis:
The disease is characterized by 3 main symptoms, which are:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Low-grade fever (37-38C for 24 hours)
  2. Mild sore throat
  3. Pronounced fatigue
57
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis:
The infection is spread via —— and has an incubation period (——-) of 4-7 weeks. Symptoms usually persist for 2-3 weeks, but ——- is often more prolonged.

A

Saliva, time from exposure until onset of symptoms, fatigue (can last for months or years)

58
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis:
The disease is generally self-limiting, which means it ———.
So, only symptomatic and/or supportive treatments are used.

A

Tends to go on its own

59
Q

Leukemia:
Is a —– condition that involves ——- proliferation of WBCs.

A

Cancerous, uncontrolled

60
Q

Leukemia:
Patients have ——- defense capabilities against foreign invasion, and WBC counts may reach as high as 500,000/mm3 instead of the normal ——-/mm3.

A

Inadequate, 7,000/mm3

61
Q

Leukemia:
Why do patients have inadequate defense capabilities with an increased WBC count?

A

The majority of the cells are abnormal and immature, and so they cannot perform their normal defense function.

62
Q

Leukemia:
Leukemia can also cause displacement of ——– in the bone marrow.
Why?

A

Other blood cell lines
Because it keeps abnormally producing WBCs

63
Q

Leukemia:
Displacement of other blood cell lines in the bone marrow:
Anemia:
Internal bleeding:

A

Anemia: Decrease in erythropoiesis
Internal bleeding: Deficit of platelets

64
Q

Leukemia:
The most common causes of death in leukemic are overwhelming ——, due to ——, and ——-, due to ——-.

A

Infections, WBC not functioning, Hemorrhage, Deficit of platelets

65
Q

True or False: The only way someone can develop leukemia is if inherited.

A

False, environmental factors can trigger leukemia (smoking, radiation, etc.)

Human Physiology 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions