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Human Physiology 2 > Physiology of Erythrocytes 1 > Flashcards

Physiology of Erythrocytes 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Erythrocytes are flattened discs with depressed centers

A

True

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2
Q

The unique shape of erythrocytes contributes to their main function of?

A

Oxygen transport in the blood

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3
Q

The features of RBCs that help facilitate its main function of O2 transport are:
Biconcave Shape:
Thinness of the cell:
Flexibility of the membrane:
Explain the three.

A

Biconcave Shape: Larger surface area for O2 diffusion
Thinness of the cell: Rapid O2 diffusion between the exterior and innermost regions of the cell
Flexibility of the membrane: Deform and squeeze (which helps it travel through narrow and convoluted capillaries)

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4
Q

Hemoglobin is a —– found in erythrocytes and consists of 2 portions.
Name the 2 portions and describe them.

A

Pigment
Globin portion: protein, four folded polypeptide chains
Heme portion: four iron-containing groups

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5
Q

Hemoglobin can bind up to —– oxygen molecules.
The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin follows the law of?

A

Four
Law of mass action

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6
Q

Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin has a ——— relationship, and is enhanced by ———-.

A

Non-linear
Positive cooperativity

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7
Q

Positive cooperatively means

A

The binding of the first oxygen facilitates the binding of the second and so on

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8
Q

Saturation of hemoglobin is a measure of?
100% saturation means that?

A

How much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin
All four binding sites have oxygen bound to them

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9
Q

In arterial blood: Hemoglobin is —% saturated, and where is the remaining —%?
In venous blood: Hemoglobin is —% saturated, and what does that number indicate?

A

98.5%, remaining 1.5% dissolved in plasma
75%, indicates that only three binding sites are bound, and the missing one has been used in the tissue

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10
Q

Hemoglobin and Carbondioxide:
1. The —- effect.
2. CO2 reacts with hemoglobin to form —–.
3. The reaction is reversible/irreversible.

A
  1. Carbamino effect
  2. Carbaminohemoglobin
  3. Reversible
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11
Q

Hemoglobin can function as a —– by binding to excess —– in a reversible/irreversible reaction.
The product of this binding is called ——– and has a greater/lesser affinity for H+.

A

buffer, H+ ions, reversible
Deoxyhemoglobin, greater

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12
Q

Carbon monoxide is called the silent killer.
Compared to oxygen, does hemoglobin have a greater or lower affinity for carbon monoxide?

A

Greater affinity for CO

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13
Q

The affinity of hemoglobin for CO is — times larger than its affinity for O2, so CO —- oxygen from binding to ——.

A

240x, prevents, hemoglobin

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14
Q

Carbon monoxide reacts with hemoglobin to form ——, in a reversible/irreversible reaction.

A

Carboxyhemoblobin, irreversible

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15
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO), is a —- that binds to —– in the lung.
RXN: Hb -> SNO

A

vasodilator, sulfur

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16
Q

When NO is released in the tissues it —— local arterioles, which —— blood and O2 supply.

A

dilates, increases

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17
Q

NO — blood pressure.

A

stabilizes

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18
Q

How does NO stabilize blood pressure?

A

When the BP increases, NO is released, which increases the diameter of the lumen of blood vessels. The dilation results in the decrease of blood pressure.

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19
Q

True or false: Erythrocytes are mainly plasma membrane-enclosed sacs full of CO.

A

False, Hb*

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20
Q

A single erythrocyte contains more than 250 million Hb.
It contains no —-, —-, or —-, so it does not have —- and —–.

A

nucleus, organelles, ribosomes, DNA, RNA

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21
Q

Since erythrocytes have no DNA and RNA they cannot ————- for cellular repair, growth, or division, which makes them ——-.

A

synthesize proteins, short-lived

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22
Q

RBCs survive only 120 days and must be —— at the average rate of —–million/s.

A

replaced, 2-3

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23
Q

The two erythrocyte enzymes are —– and ——.

A

Glycolytic enzymes, Carbonic anhydrase (CA)

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24
Q

Glycolytic enzymes are used by RBCs for ——-, which is required for ——–.

A

ATP production, O2 transport to all tissues

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25
Q

The glycolytic enzymes are:

A

Hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, phosophofructokinase

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26
Q

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is critical for —– transport in the form of —–(90%).

A

CO2, HCO-3 (bicarbonate)
RXN: CO2 + H2O<-CA->H2CO3<–>H+ + HCO-3

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27
Q

Erythropoiesis is the production of ——-; it happens in the ——–.

A

Erythrocytes, bone marrow

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28
Q

All blood cells start off as a ——, called a hemocytoblast.
In erythropoiesis, a hemocytoblast then becomes a ——–, called a proerythroblast.

A

Stem cell, committed cell

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29
Q

A proerythroblast differentiates into an ———, and then to a ——–.

A

early erythroblast, late erythroblast

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30
Q

Main feature of the early erythroblast is that it produces a huge number of ——-, which stains the cell ——.

A

ribosomes, blue

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31
Q

The main feature of late erythroblasts is:

A

synthesis of Hb, which stains the cytoplasm red, and accumulation of iron

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32
Q

A late erythroblast differentiates into a ——.

A

normoblast

33
Q

Main features of a normoblast are:

A
  1. The ejection of all its organelles after all Hb has been accumulated
  2. Achieves its biconcave shape; end of nuclear function and the cell collapses forming its final shape
34
Q

A normoblast differentiates into a ——-.

A

reticulocyte

35
Q

Reticulocytes are also called ——. They have a scant reticulum network of clustered —–, and these —– are degraded by intracellular —— within — days.

A

young erythrocytes, ribosomes, ribosomes, enzymes, 2

36
Q

True or false: Reticulocytes enter the bloodstream to begin O2 transport and become mature within 2 days.

A

True

37
Q

Reticulocyte counts in healthy people are —–% of all erythrocytes.
Any increase of decrease denotes an abnormality in —— formation.

A

1-2%
erythrocyte

38
Q

Scenario: A patient in the ER has an abnormally low RBC count. Which structure is most likely damaged?

A

Bone marrow

39
Q

The process of erythropoiesis takes about —- days.

A

15

40
Q

Areas of the body that produce erythrocytes:
—– bones produce red blood cells until a person is 5 years old

A

All

41
Q

Areas of the body that produce erythrocytes:
—– bones become fatty and produce no more erythrocytes after the age 20.

A

Long bones, exception: proximal portions of the humeri and tibiae

42
Q

Areas of the body that produce erythrocytes:
At —- years old, most erythrocytes continue to be produced in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and iliac.
Even in these bones, the marrow becomes less production as ——–.

A

> 20
age increases

43
Q

Which organ detects reduced O2-carrying capacity of the blood?

A

The Kidneys

44
Q

When the kidneys detect reduced O2-carrying capacity of the blood they secrete the hormone ——-.

A

Erythropoietin

45
Q

The hormone —— stimulates erythropoiesis by the ——.

A

Erythropoietin, bone marrow

46
Q

The release of erythropoietin causes the —— of —carrying capacity of the blood.

A

increase, O2

47
Q

The increase in O2-carrying capacity of the blood —– the initial stimulus that triggered —— secretion.

A

relieves, erythropoietin

48
Q

Which mineral is essential for Hb synthesis?

A

Iron

49
Q

—% of iron is stored in Hb, the remainder in the —-, —–, and less extent bone marrow.

A

65, liver, spleen

50
Q

Free iron ions are —–, and its absorption into the bloodstream is controlled by —— cells.

A

toxic, intestinal

51
Q

Iron is stored inside cells as complexes bound to ——; complexes such as —- and —–. In blood, iron is transported bound to a ——-, called ——.

A

proteins, ferritin, hemosiderin
tranport protein, tranferrin

52
Q

Small amounts of iron are lost in ——, ——, and ——.

A

feces, urine, sweat

53
Q

True or False: The average daily loss of iron is more in men that women.

A

False
Note: menstrual flow increases the loss in women, women lose 1.7 mg while men lose 0.9 mg

54
Q

Vitamin —- and —– are necessary for DNA synthesis and developing RBCs.

A

B12, folic acid (B9)

55
Q

True or False: Sources of iron include: chicken liver, red meat, spinach.

A

True

56
Q

Erythropoietin release:
—% from kidneys
—% from the ——

A

90%
10%, liver

57
Q

New erythrocytes function for about —- days.

A

120

58
Q

Aged and damaged RBCs are engulfed by —– of the —-, ——, and —–, and the hemoglobin is broken down

A

macrophages, liver, spleen, bone marrow

59
Q

Hemoglobin breakdown into: —— and ——.

A

Heme, Globin

60
Q

Heme becomes ——, which is a waste product carried by ——.

A

Bilirubin, the plasma

61
Q

Globin is broken down into ———- and returned to bloodstream.

A

amino acids

62
Q

The heme group breakdown into —– stored as ferritin and ——-.
It then goes to the ——.

A

iron, hemosiderin
liver

63
Q

From the liver, iron is bound to —– as it is released into the bloodstream as needed for erythropoiesis.

A

transferrin

64
Q

Bilirubin is picked up by the blood from the —– then secreted into the ——- in bile.

A

liver, small intestines
note: it is metabolized into the substance that gives feces its brown color

65
Q

True or False: Food nutrients such as Vitamin B12 and folic acid are absorbed from the intestines and enter the lymph.

A

False, blood*

66
Q

Any condition that lower the O2 transported to tissues will increase/decrease erythrocyte production.
Give two examples of such conditions.

A

increase
anemia, high altitude

67
Q

Destruction of a major portion of the bone marrow via X-ray therapy will lead to —– of the remaining bone marrow.
It will also cause an increase is —- production.

A

hyperplasia
erythrocyte

68
Q

In high altitude:
Air breathed has lower PO2, so there will be a decrease/increase of inspired PO2

A

decrease

69
Q

In high altitude:
Air breathed has lower PO2, so there will be a decrease of inspired PO2. This will lead to a decrease/increase in PAO2 that will lead to a decrease/increase in PaO2

A

decrease, decrease

70
Q

In high altitude:
Air breathed has lower PO2, so there will be a decrease of inspired PO2. This will lead to a decrease in PAO2 that will lead to a decrease in PaO2 The decrease in PaO2 will result in ——- that will cause ——-.

A

Hypoxemia (low O2 in blood), Hypoxia (low O2 in tissues)

71
Q

In high altitude, what controls the RBC production is —— instead of the erythrocyte concentration in the blood.

A

the amount of O2 transported in relation to O2 demand

72
Q

Various diseases of the circulation lower blood flow through peripheral vessels.
Give two examples.

A

Prolonged cardiac failure, lung diseases like asthma or lung edema

73
Q

Disease of the circulation:
Decrease blood flow -> tissue —– -> increased erythrocyte production -> decrease/increase hematocrit and blood volume

A

hypoxia, increased

74
Q

True or False: The hormone erythropoietin is cannot be produced in a laboratory.

A

False, can*

75
Q

Genetically engineered EPO is used to increase/decrease RBC production in patients with suppressed erythropoietic activity.

A

increase

76
Q

Give one example of a patient with suppressed erythropoietic activity.

A

Cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy
Note: the drugs interfere with the rapid cell division of BOTH cancer cells and developing RBCs)

77
Q

Renal dialysis patients with kidney failure produce —– EPO to support normal erythropoiesis.

A

too little

78
Q

True or False: The ready availability of this hormone has significantly increased the need for blood transfusions, as it prevents erythropoiesis.

A

False, decreased, enhances erythropoiesis

79
Q

The male sex hormone, testosterone:
Increases/decreases EPO production from the kidneys -> explains partially the increased/decreased RBC counts and Hb levels in males.

A

Increases, increased

Human Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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