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Human Physiology 2 > Blood Groups > Flashcards

Blood Groups Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system is designed to minimize the effect of blood loss by:
1.
2.

A
  1. Reducing the volume of the affected blood vessels
  2. Quickening the production of RBCs
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2
Q

How does the cardiovascular system reduce the volume of the affected blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction narrow the lumen of blood vessels which brings the sites of injury closer.

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3
Q

The body can compensate for —— blood loss.

A

Limited

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4
Q

Blood loss:
Losses of 15-30% of blood volume:
Losses of >30% of blood volume:

A

Losses of 15-30% of blood volume: Pallor (pale) and weakness
Losses of >30% of blood volume: Severe shock

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5
Q

When blood loss is rapid and substantial ———- are routine.
In other cases, infusions of ———- are preferred for restoring the O2-carrying capacity.

A

Whole blood transfusions
Packed RBCs (a concentrated preparation of RBCs obtained by removing plasma)

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6
Q

Blood transfusions:
1. Collecting blood from a donor and then mixing it with an ——— such as citrate or oxalate to prevent ————-.

A

Anticoagulant, clotting by binding to Ca2+ (Ca2+ is what causes clotting)

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7
Q

Blood transfusions:
2. The shelf-life of collected blood at 4C is —- days.

A

35

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8
Q

Blood transfusions:
3. Because blood is valuable it is ———–, and ———- can be used when and where it is needed.

A

Separated into its components, each component
(only RBCs, whole blood, etc.)

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9
Q

People have —– blood types, and transfusion of incompatible blood can be ——.

A

Different, fatal

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10
Q

RBC plasma membranes bear ————- at their external surface.

A

Highly specific glycoproteins (GP)

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11
Q

The glycoproteins on the surface of RBCs’ plasma membranes serve as ——-, which are perceived by the body as foreign like bacteria and viruses.

A

Antigens

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12
Q

True or False: One person’s RBC GP (glycoproteins) may be recognized as foreign if transfused into someone with a different RBC type.

A

True

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13
Q

When one’s RBC GP are recognized as foreign when transfused into someone with a different RBC type, the transfused cells may be ——– and ———.

A

Agglutinated (clumped), destroyed

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14
Q

Since the antigens (glycoproteins) promote agglutination they are called ———.

A

Agglutinogens

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15
Q

There are more than —- genetically determined blood group systems; the most important ones for blood transfusions are the —– and —– systems.

A

20; ABO, Rh

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16
Q

True or False: All blood types are not compatible with each other.

A

False, some are and some aren’t

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17
Q

Mixing incompatible blood groups will lead to ————, which is dangerous for individuals because foreign erythrocytes are ———.

A

Agglutination or blood clumping, destroyed

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18
Q

———- for antigens is always done before blood is transfused.

A

Blood typing

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19
Q

According to the ABO blood group system, there are —- different kinds of blood groups.
List them.

A

4
A, B, AB, O

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20
Q

Unique to the ABO blood groups is the presence of ————- called ——– in the plasma.

A

Preformed antibodies, agglutinins

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21
Q

Antigens, found on the ——–, are also called: ——-
Preformed antibodies, found in the ——–, are called: ——-

A

Surface of RBCs, Agglutinogens
Plasma, Agglutinins

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22
Q

The agglutinins act against RBCs carrying ———— that are not present on a person’s own RBCs.

A

ABO Antigens

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23
Q

True or False: Newborns lack agglutinins, but they begin to appear within 2 months after birth. The agglutinins reach adult levels between 10-12 months old.

A

False, reach adult levels between 8-10 years old.

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24
Q

A person with neither A nor B antigens on RBCs, blood group —–, posses which antibodies?

A

Blood group O, possess both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
(note: also called A agglutinins and B agglutinins)

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25
Q

A person with group A blood has ——– antibodies

A

Anti-B antibodies

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26
Q

A person with group B blood has —— antibodies

A

Anti-A antibodies

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27
Q

Which individuals have neither antibody?

A

AB individuals

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28
Q

Blood group A:
Surface of RBCs:
Blood Plasma:

A

Surface of RBCs: A antigens
Blood Plasma: Anti-B antibodies (also called B antibodies)

29
Q

Blood group B:
Surface of RBCs:
Blood Plasma:

A

Surface of RBCs: B antigens
Blood Plasma: Anti-A antibodies (also called A antibodies)

30
Q

Blood group AB:
Surface of RBCs:
Blood Plasma:

A

Surface of RBCs: A and B antigens
Blood Plasma: No antibodies

31
Q

Blood group O:
Surface of RBCs:
Blood Plasma:

A

Surface of RBCs: No antigens
Blood Plasma: Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies (also called A and B antibodies)

32
Q

True or False: There are 50 different types of Rh agglutinogens each of which is called Rh factor.

A

True

33
Q

The three fairly common Rh factors are

A

C, D, and E antigens (agglutinogens)

34
Q

Rh antigens are ——- proteins with loops ————- of RBCs.

A

Transmembrane proteins, exposed at the surface

35
Q

Proteins:
Antigens A/B:
Rh Factor (Antigen D):

A

Antigens A/B: Glycoproteins
Rh Factor (Antigen D): Transmembrane proteins with loops

36
Q

RBCs that are Rh positive ——- antigen D.

A

Express

37
Q

True or Flase: RhD positive is more common than RhD negative.

A

True
85%: RhD+
15%: RhD-

38
Q

Some have Rh antigen and some do not.
If present the blood is: RhD ——-
If not: RhD ——-

A

Positive
Negative

39
Q

Example:
People in group A who have the Rh antigen:
People in group A who do not have the Rh antigen:

A

People in group A who have the Rh antigen: A+
People in group A who do not have the Rh antigen: A-

40
Q

Unlike ABO system antibodies, anti Rh antibodies are —————– in the blood of Rh- individuals.

A

Not spontaneously formed
(Note: In group A, Anti-B is preformed)

41
Q

If a person with Rh- receives Rh+ blood:
Immune systems becomes sensitized and begins ———— against the foreign antigen soon after transfusion.

A

Producing anti-Rh antibodies

42
Q

If a person with Rh- receives Rh+ blood:
Hemolysis ——— occur after the first tranfusion.
Why or Why not?

A

Does not
Because it takes time for the body to produce the anti-Rh antibodies for the Rh antigens, as they are not preformed.

43
Q

If a person with Rh- receives Rh+ blood:
The second time and every time thereafter, a ————— occurs in which the recipient’s antibodies —— and —— the donor’s RBCs.

A

Typical transfusion reactions
Attack and rupture

44
Q

A person with Rh+ blood —— receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems.

A

Can

45
Q

Blood Groups Summary:
A: Antigens (agglutinogens): ——-, Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): ——, Can receive: ———–
B: Antigens (agglutinogens): ——-, Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): ——, Can receive: ———–
AB: Antigens (agglutinogens): ——-, Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): ——, Can receive: ———-
O: Antigens (agglutinogens): ——-, Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): ——, Can receive: ———–

A

A: Antigens (agglutinogens): A, Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): Anti-B, Can receive: A, O
B: Antigens (agglutinogens): B, Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): Anti-A, Can receive: B, O
AB: Antigens (agglutinogens): A, B, Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): N/A, Can receive: A, B, AB, O (Universal recipient)
O: Antigens (agglutinogens): N/A, Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): Anti-A, Anti-B, Can receive: O (Universal donor)

46
Q

When mismatched blood is infused, a ——– occurs in which the donor’s RBCs are ——- by the recipient’s ————–.

A

Transfusion reaction, attacked, plasma agglutinins

47
Q

Transfusion reaction consists of ——- and ———

A

Agglutination, Hemolysis

48
Q

Transfusion Reaction:
First event: ———– of foreign RBCs which clogs small blood vessels in the body.

A

Agglutination (clumping)

49
Q

Transfusion Reaction:
During the next few hours: The clumped RBCs begin to ——- or are ———- and their Hb is ——- into the bloodstream.

A

Rupture (hemolysis), destroyed by phagocytes, released

50
Q

Transfusion Reaction:
During the next few hours: The clumped RBCs begin to rupture or are destroyed by phagocytes and their Hb is relased into the bloodstream. Why is the release of Hb a bad thing?

A

Hb has iron, so free iron starts circulating in the blood, which leads to oxidative stress.

51
Q

Transfusion Reaction:
1. Disruption of O2-Carrying capacity of the transufused blood cells leads to ——–.

A

Hypoxemia (low O2 in blood)

52
Q

Transfusion Reaction:
1. Disruption of O2-Carrying capacity of the transufused blood cells leads to hypoxemia.
2. Clumping of RBCs in small vessels —— blood flow to tissues and leads to ———-.

A

Blocks, Hypoxia (low O2 in tissues)

53
Q

Transfusion Reaction:
1. Disruption of O2-Carrying capacity of the transufused blood cells leads to hypoxemia.
2. Clumping of RBCs in small vessels blocks blood flow to tissues and leads to hypoxia.
3. Hb escaping into bloodstream -> ————— -> cell death -> ———-

A

Passes freely into kidney tubules (Iron is toxic), Acute renal failure (because of iron)

54
Q

Transfusion Reaction:
1. Disruption of O2-Carrying capacity of the transufused blood cells leads to hypoxemia.
2. Clumping of RBCs in small vessels blocks blood flow to tissues and leads to hypoxia.
3. Hb escaping into bloodstream -> passes freely into kidney tubules -> cell death -> acute renal failure.

Acute renal failure leads to ——- because fluid ——— in the body.

A

Edema, accumulates

55
Q

Transfusion Reaction:
4. Fever, chills, low BP, ——cardia, nausea, vomiting, general toxicity.
Explain/Specify: Chills, low BP, and general toxicity.

A

Fever, chills, low BP, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, general toxicity
Chills: Less O2 -> Less ATP -> Less heart production
Low BP: Due to hemolysis
Tachycardia: Heart compensating for low BP
General toxicity: Hb accumulation

56
Q

Transfusion Reaction:
Treatment: Directed towards preventing ———– by administiring fluid and diuretics to —— urine output and ———– the Hb.
Explain why fluids and diuretics.

A

Kidney damage, increase, wash out
Fluids: Vomiting causes dehydration
Diuretics: Increasing urine output to eliminate hemoglobin

57
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Fetus is Rh ——, while mother is Rh ——.

A

Positive, Negative
(Fetus has Antigen-D, Mother does not have the antigen)

58
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
During delievery, RBCs from the fetus —– across the placenta.

A

Leak

59
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
Following the leak of the fetus’ RBCs across the placenta, the mother makes ————–.

A

Anti-Rh antibodies

60
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
In the second pregancy and every time thereafter, Mother’s ——— attack Rh-Positive RBCs in the fetus. This leads to —————-, which can result in death.

A

Antibodies
Hemolytic disease of the newborn

61
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
One of the important problems related to the Rh factor occurs in preganant Rh——- women who are carrying an Rh—– fetus.

A

Rh-, Rh+

62
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
When bleeding occurs as the placenta detaches from the uterus, the mother can be ——- by her baby’s ——— that pass into her bloodstream.

A

Sensitized, Rh-antigens

63
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
The first pregnancy usually results in the delivery of a —— baby.

A

Healthy

64
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
The first pregnancy usually results in the delivery of a healthy baby, but the second time and every time thereafter, the ——- of the mother will cross through the placenta and —— the fetus’ ——– producing Erythroblastosis fetalis.

A

Antibodies, destroy, RBCs

65
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
In erythroblastosis fetalis, the fetus becomes ——- and ——-, as a result of the destruction of its RBCs.

A

Anemic and Hypoxic

66
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
In severe cases of erythroblastosis fetalis, ——- and —– will occur, unless —————- are done before birth to provide the fetus with more erythrocytes for O2 transport.

A

Brain damage, death, intrauterine transfusions

67
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
The mother may also undergo ———– to reduce the levels of circulating antibodies by as much as —%.

A

Plasma exchange, 75

68
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
Rh- mothers who have had a pregnancy with/are pregnant with a Rh+ infant are given ——- during pregnancy and immediatly ———- to prevent ——- to the D antigen.

A

RhoGAM, after birth, sensitization

69
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
RhoGAM is a ——- containing ————– that blocks the mother’s ——- response and prevents her ———.

A

Serum, Anti-Rh Agglutinins (anti-Rh antibodies), immune, sensitization

Human Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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