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Pharmacology > Physiology of ethanol and nicotine > Flashcards

Physiology of ethanol and nicotine Flashcards

1
Q

What is nicotine

A

A naturally occuring plant alkaloid found in potato, tomato and tobacco

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2
Q

Describe nicotine metabolism

A

Mostly oxidated to cotinine, 50% of nicotine is excreted in urine.

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3
Q

How can nicotine affect the organism as a whole

A

Increased hart rate, cardiac contractility, BP, bobilisation of blood sugar, and decreased skin temp

Arousal or relaxation

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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do generally?

What neurotransmitter does it use

A

Reduces/inhibits

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do generally

What neruotransmitter does it use

A

activate

Noradrenaline/norepinephirine

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6
Q

What are the two types of choligernic receptors

A

Nicotinic (nAChR)

Muscarinic

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7
Q

What are the two types of nAChR

A

Nm receptors (neuromuscular junction)

Nn receptors (autonomic ganglia, adrenal gland, CNS)

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8
Q

How do peripheral effects arise

A

Stimulation of autonomic ganglia and peripheral sensory receptors mainly in heart and lungs

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9
Q

Name some of the pathophysiological conditions from smoking

A

Dependence,
CHD, Peripheral vascular disease, lung cancer, COPD (chronic bronchitis, emphysema)
Abnormal foetal development

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10
Q

What is the recommendations for alcohol intake

A

2-3 units/day

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11
Q

How much ethanol is metabolised

A

90%, ocurring in the liver.

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12
Q

How does alcohol affect the cardiovascular system

A

Cutaneous vasodilation, warm feeling which is really heat loss

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13
Q

How does alcohol affect the endocrine systems

A

Diuresis

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14
Q

How does alcohol affect the GI tract

A

Increases salivary and gastric sec

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15
Q

How does alcohol affect the liver

A

Increased fat accumulation, heppatitis, hepatic necrosis and fibrosis

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16
Q

How can alcohol affect foetal development

A

Foetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder

17
Q

What are the acute alcohol intoxication effects on CNS

A

Well known, when you get drunk

18
Q

What are the chronic effects of alcohol on CNS

A

Irreversible neurological effects (demetia, peripheral neuropathy)

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alcohol on the CNS?

A

Depressant effects, GABA-mediated inhibition similar to benzodiazepines

The benzodiazepine flumazenil is used to reverse the depressant effects

Alcohol works on CNS by inhibiting transmitter release in response to nerve terminal depolarisation by inhibiting opening of voltage dependent calcium channels in neurons

20
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of alcohol

A

Dependence

\+++ risk of 
CNS atrophy,
Peptic ulcers
Cardiomyopathy
Pancreatitis
Liver damage
Varices (enlarged/swollen veins)
Testicular atrophy
21
Q

What is tolerance

A

Decrease in pharmacological effect on repeated administration of drug, has to be increased in dose to get the same effect.

22
Q

What is dependence

A

When drug-taking becomes compulsive, taking precedence over other needs

23
Q

Withdrawal/abstinence syndrome

A

Adverse effects (physical or psychological after taking the drug)

24
Q

What is craving

A

Intesne desire for a drug that outlasts the withdrawal syndrome

25
Q

Which pathway do dependence producing drugs work upon

A

Mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminagenic pathway

26
Q

How is nicotine addictive

A

It enhances synthesis and release of dopamine, acting on dopamine cell bodies.

27
Q

How can people become alcohol dependent

A

Alcohol decreases the activity of GABAergic interneurons

28
Q

What are the three stages of alcohol withdrawal

A

1: Tremor, nausea, sweating, fever, maybe hallucinations
2: Epilepsy like seizures
3: Delerium tremens (confusion, agitation, aggression and more severe hallucinations

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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