Physiology of cells

Question 1

Passive transport does not use energy(ATP), 5 types

Answer 1

Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, dialysis, filtration, osmosis

Question 2

Diffusion

Answer 2

Molecules move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated (down a concentration gradient).

Question 3

Facilitated diffusion:

Answer 3

Molecules move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated using a protein channel to get into the cell.

Question 4

Dialysis

Answer 4

A form of diffusion in which the nature of a semi-permeable membrane causes the separation of smaller solute particles from larger solute particles.

Question 5

Filtration

Answer 5

The passing of water and permeable substrates through a membrane by the force of hydrostatic pressure. (Hydrostatic pressure is the force or weight of a fluid pushing against a surface).

Question 6

Osmosis

Answer 6

Water diffuses across a cell membrane from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated.

Question 7

Active transport = Requires energy (ATP) to force a molecule to move from where it is less concentrated to where it is more concentrated (against the concentration gradient). EX:

Answer 7

Pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis,phagocyte

Question 8

Pumps

Answer 8

For example, the sodium potassium pump in the cell membrane pumps sodium out of cells and potassium into cells

Question 9

Exocytosis

Answer 9

Large molecules are released from cells in vesicles

Question 10

Endocytosis (two types)

Answer 10

Molecules are taken into the cells in vesicles – 2 types-
pinocytosis, phagocytosis

Question 11

Pinocytosis

Answer 11

Fluid and the molecules dissolved in it are taken into cell

Question 12

Phagocytosis

Answer 12

Microorganisms and other large particles are engulfed by a cell. A cell that performs phagocytosis, like a white blood cell engulfing bacteria, is called a phagocyte.

Question 13

phagocyte

Answer 13

A cell that performs phagocytosis, like a white blood cell engulfing bacteria,

Question 14

Enzyme

Answer 14

Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

Question 15

Activation energy

Answer 15

The energy required to start a chemical reaction

Question 16

Substrate

Answer 16

The molecule which an enzyme binds to and speeds up the chemical reaction for

Question 17

Effect of pH and temperature

Answer 17

Each enzyme works best at a certain temperature and pH. If the pH or temperature becomes too high or too low, the enzyme can loose its shape (denature) and stop working

Question 18

Cellular respiration.

Answer 18

is a complex process occurring in the mitochondria of cells. It involves dozens of chemical reactions, each catalyzed by its own enzyme. Three groups of these chemical reactions are called Glycolysis, The Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle), and the Electron Transport Chain.
cellular respiration pulls apart glucose to produce energy (ATP). Oxygen is required as input (which is why we respire) and the waste products are carbon dioxide and water that we excrete.

Question 19

Explain the important role that ATP serves in metabolism.

Answer 19

ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes.

Question 20

Structure of DNA

Answer 20

DNA is a double helix of nucleotide monomers which holds your genetic code. Huge pieces of DNA coil to form the chromosomes in your cell nucleus.

Question 21

DNA replication:

Answer 21

Making copies of the DNA molecules. Happens before cell division (mitosis)

Question 21

DNA replication:

Answer 21

Making copies of the DNA molecules. Happens before cell division (mitosis)

Question 22

Protein Synthesis:

Answer 22

he DNA code is used to build a protein molecule
*DNA → mRNA → Protein *

Question 23

Transcription

Answer 23

making an mRNA copy of DNA (DNA → mRNA)

Question 24

Translation

Answer 24

building a protein at the ribosome directed by the mRNA code ( mRNA → protein)

Question 25

Mitosis

Answer 25

The division of a nucleus which results in two new nuclei with the exact same amount of DNA (same number of chromosomes) as the original cell. The purpose in the body is to replace aging or dead cells with new daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.

Question 26

Meiosis

Answer 26

cell division that results in four new cells with half as many chromosomes as the original cell. The new cells are gametes (sperm or egg reproductive cells).

Question 27

The haploid gametes produced by meiosis allow for sexual reproduction. During fertilization, two gametes fuse. The fertilized egg cell, called the zygote, now has a complete (diploid) set of chromosomes – with half of the chromosomes contributed from each parent.