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2nd Committee 2nd Class > Physiology Mustafa > Flashcards

Physiology Mustafa Flashcards

1
Q

Which parameter decreases with emphysema?

A) Alveolar PCO₂

B) Diffusion area

C) Cardiac output

D) Pulmonary artery pressure

E) Arterial pressure

A

B) Diffusion area

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2
Q

Which zone represents the blood flow at the apex parts of the lung in a patient with hypovolemia?

A) Zone 1

B) Zone 2

C) Zone 3

D) Zone 4

E) Zone 5

A

A) Zone 1

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3
Q

Which of the following pressure control mechanisms exhibit significant response only after a few seconds?

I- Chemoreceptor mechanism

Il-Renin-angiotensin system

III- Stress-relaxation mechanism of the blood vessels

IV- Ischemic response mechanism of central nervous system

V- Baroreceptor mechanism

A) Only V

B) I, IV, and V

C) land V

D) II and III

E) I, II, III, IV and V

A

B) I, IV, and V

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4
Q

A 55-year-old female with a five year history of hypertension visits her physician for an examination. Laboratory test results Indicate that the patient has a plasma renin activity 3-4 times higher than normal. The patient is given a prescription for Captopen, an angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. An increase in which one of the following would you expect to occur in this patient following administration of the ACE inhibitor?

A) Total peripheral resistance

B) Arterial pressure

C) Angiotensin I

D) Aldosterone

E) Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

C) Angiotensin I

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5
Q

Between sea level and 10,000 ft (3048 m) altitude, which of the following will not differ?

A) Fractional percentage of 0₂

B) Inspired pO₂

C) Dissolved O₂, in the blood

D) Dissolved CO₂ in the blood

E) Atmospheric air pressure

A

A) Fractional percentage of 0₂

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6
Q

Which one of the following would tend to decrease blood flow ?

A) an increase in tissue carbon dioxide concentration

B) an increase in tissue lactic acid concentration

C) an increase in tissue metabolism

D) an increase in tissue oxygen concentration

E) a decrease in tissue hydrogen concentration

A

D) an increase in tissue oxygen concentration

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7
Q

Which of the following normally occur in unilateral right heart failure?

A) Increased mean pulmonary filling pressure

B) Increased left atrial pressure

C) Peripheral edema

D) Pulmonary edema

E) Increased pulmonary artery pressure

A

C) Peripheral edema

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8
Q

The diameter of a precapillary arteriole is increased in a muscle vascular bed. A decrease in which of the following would be expected?

A) capillary filtration rate

B) vascular conductance

C) capillary blood flow

D) capillary hydrostatic pressure

E) arteriole resistance

A

E) arteriole resistance

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9
Q

In which lung disease below, although it is no longer be able to function, however the decrease in arterial PO₂ is not much?

A) Atelectasis

B) Pneumonila

C) Asthma

D) Tuberculosis

E) Cyanide poisoning

A

A) Atelectasis

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10
Q

What is the reason of the sharp Incisura on the aortic pressure curve?

A) Opening of the atriventricular valves

B) Closing of the atriventricular valves

C) Opening of the aortic semilunar valve

D) Opening of the pulmonary semilunar valve

E) Closing of the aortic semilunar valve

A

E) Closing of the aortic semilunar valve

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11
Q

Which of the following athlete is able to exercise the longest before exhaustion occurs?

A) The one on a high-fat diet

B) The one on a high-protein diet

c) The one on a high-carbohydrate diet

D) The one on a mixed protein-carbohydrate diet

E) The one on a mixed protein-fat diet

A

c) The one on a high-carbohydrate diet

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12
Q

Which is usually the most important controller of coronary blood flow?

A) Adenosine

B) Bradykinin

C) Prostaglandins

D) Carbon dioxide

E) Potassium ions

A

A) Adenosine

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13
Q

The basic rhythm of respiration is generated mainly by…

A) Ventral respiratory group of neurones.

B) Dorsal respiratory group of neurons.

C) Pneumotaxic center

D) Apnostic center

E) Cerebral cortex

A

B) Dorsal respiratory group of neurons.

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14
Q

An echocardiogram was performed on a 6-year-old child. The results indicated a thickened right ventricle. Other data indicated that the patient had severely decreased arterial oxygen content (blue baby) and equal systolic pressures in both cardiac ventricles.

What condition does the child have?

A) Interver Icular septal defect

B) Tetralos, of Fallot

C) Pulmor ary valve stenosis

D) Pulmonary valve regurgitation

E) Patent ductus arteriosus

A

B) Tetralos, of Fallot

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15
Q

Which sentence regarding nervous regulation of blood pressure is not correct?

A) Signals from the “carotid baroreceptors” are transmitted through small Hering’s nerves to the glossopharyngeal nerves

B) Signals from the “aortic baroreceptors” in the arch of the aorta are transmitted through the vagus nerves

C) The baroreceptors are not sensitive to acute changes in arterial pressure.

D) Carotid sinus baroreceptors are not stimulated at all by pressures between 0 and 50 to 60 mm Hg, but above these levels.

E) Aortic baroreceptors are are stimulated at arterial pressure levels about 30 mm Hg higher.

A

C) The baroreceptors are not sensitive to acute changes in arterial pressure.

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16
Q

The blood level of which one affects the central chemoreceptors most to regulate respiration?

A) Oxygen

B) Carbondioxide

C) Hydrogen ion

D) Nitrogen

E) He

A

B) Carbondioxide

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17
Q

Which mechanism is responsible for the long term regulation of the blood pressure?

A) Ischemic response of the central nervous system.

B) Kidneys

C) Chemoreceptors

D) Baroreceptors

E) Stress-relaxation response of the vessels

A

B) Kidneys

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18
Q

A 30-year-old female admits to the emergency room with severe vomiting. She has pale skin, tachycardia, and arterial pressure of 80/50, and has trouble walking. What therapy do you recommend to prevent shock?

A) Infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution

B) Infusion of a sympathomimetic drug

C) Administration of a glucocorticoid

D) Administration of an antihistamine

E) Packed red cell infusion

A

A) Infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution

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19
Q

An increase in left atrial pressure is most likely to occur in which of the following heart murmurs?

A) Tricuspid stenosis

B) Pulmonary valve regurgitation

C) Pulmonary artery stenosis

D) Tricuspid regurgitation

E) Mitral regurgitation

A

E) Mitral regurgitation

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20
Q

Which kind of shock is often associated with an increased cardiac output?

A) Hemorrhagic shock

B) Anaphylactic shock

C) Septic shock

D) Neurogenic shock

E) Shock due to dehydration

A

C) Septic shock

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21
Q

In 2001 Beljing Universiade, Süreyya Ayhan raced in 1500-meter run and won the gold medal. Which of the following energy resource/s could be used mostly during this race?

A) Glycogen-Lactic Acid System

B) Aerobic System

C) Glycogen-Lactic Acid and Aerobic System

D) Phosphagen System

E) Phospagen and Glycogen-Lactic Acid System

A

C) Glycogen-Lactic Acid and Aerobic System

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22
Q

A 44-year-old male is scuba diving at 20 m and loses track of the time. Upon return to the surface he notices pain in his knees. This pain is the result of:

A) Nitrogen narcosis

B) Excess generation of oxygen free radicals

C) Decompression sickness

D) Increase in arterial PaCO₂

E) Decrease in arterial PaO₂

A

C) Decompression sickness

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23
Q

I. Blockage of lymphatic drainage from the pleural cavity

II. Cardiac failure, which causes high peripheral and pulmonary capillary pressures

IIl. Increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

IV. Infection or any other cause of the inflammation of the surfaces of pleural cavity

Which one/ones above is/are true for the causes of pleural effusion?

A) Only I

B) I and II

C) I. Il and Ill

D) I, II and IV

E) I, II, III and IV

A

D) I, II and IV

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24
Q

Injection of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) would probably be most beneficial

A) after at least 1 year of uncomplicated recovery following occlusion of a coronary artery.

B) after at least 2 months of rest and recuperation following occlusion of a coronary artery

C) During the second week after occlusion of a coronary artery

D) During the second day after occlusion of a coronary artery.

E) During the second hour after occlusion of a coronary artery

A

E) During the second hour after occlusion of a coronary artery

25
Q

Which of the following conditions would be expected to stimulate the arterial chemoreceptors?

A) Mild anemia

B) Normal breathing

C) Hypoxia due to ascent to high altitude

D) Hyperventilation

E) Exposure to carbon monoxide

A

C) Hypoxia due to ascent to high altitude

26
Q

A 22-year-old male enters the hospital emergency room after severing a major artery during a motorcycle accident. It is estimated that the patient lost approximately 700 ml. of blood. His blood pressure is 90/55 mmHg. A decrease in which of the following would be expected in response to hemorrhage in this man?

A) Heart rate

B) Sympathetic nerve activity

C) Total peripheral resistance

D) Plasma renin activity

E) Number of impulses from the carotid sinus

A

E) Number of impulses from the carotid sinus

27
Q

Which one is incorrect regarding cardiac failure?

A) Unilateral left heart failure may result in pulmonary vascular congestion and pulmonary edema.

B) Myocardial infarction does not affect the cardiac reserve.

C) In low-output cardiac failure, even the cardiovascular system suffers from lack of nutrition caused by cardiogenic shock.

D) Immediate administration of digits is often used for strengthening the heart.

E) Long term fluid retention by kidneys causes peripheral edema in persisting heart failure.

A

B) Myocardial infarction does not affect the cardiac reserve.

28
Q

Which one/ones of the below is/are true?

I. VO₂Max stands for the rate of oxygen usage under maximal aerobic metabolism.

II. The frequency of training has major effect on the increase in VO₂Max.

III. The resting cardiac output of marathoner is higher than

IV. Blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide remain than normal person relatively normal during exercise

V. Body fitness and weight control reduce blood cholesterol and low density lipoprotein along with increased high-density lipoprotein.

A) I, II, III, IV and V

B) I, III, IV and V

C) I, II, IV and V

D) I, II, III, and IV

E) I, IV and V

A

E) I, IV and V

29
Q

Which one of the following parts of the circulation has the highest compliance?

A) Capillaries

B) Venules

C) Veins

D) Aorta

E) Arteries

A

C) Veins

30
Q

Which humoral factor causes vasodilation?

A) Norepinephrine

B) Angiotensin II

C) Vasopressin

D) Histamine

E) Oxygen

A

A) Norepinephrine

31
Q

Which of the following pathological conditions causes a lower cardiac output than normal?

A) Beriberi

B) Hyperthyroidism

C) Myocardial infarction

D) Anemia

E) AV shunts.

A

C) Myocardial infarction

32
Q

If a patient undergoing spinal anesthesia experiences a large decrease in arterial pressure and goes into shock, which of the following would be the therapy of choice?

A) Plasma infusion

B) Blood infusion

C) Saline infusion

D) Glucocorticoid infusion

E) Infusion of sympathomimetic drug

A

E) Infusion of sympathomimetic drug

33
Q

Which type of shock results from bleeding?

A) Cardiogenic shock

B) Septic shock

C) Hypovolemic shock

D) Neurologic shock

E) Anaphylactic shock

A

C) Hypovolemic shock

34
Q

Within zone II, blood flow occurs:

A) During diastole only

B) During systole only

C) During systole and diastole

D) Periodically during diastole

E) During neither sytolic nor diastolic phases

A

B) During systole only

35
Q

A healthy 22-year-old female medical student with normal kidneys increases her sodium intake by 300% for a period of two months. Which of the following is expected to occur in response to the increase in sodium intake?

A) A decrease in arterial pressure

B) A decrease in plasma renin activity

C) A decrease in sodium excretion

D) A decrease in nitric oxide

E) A decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide

A

B) A decrease in plasma renin activity

36
Q

A 72-year-old man had surgery to remove an abdominal tumor. Pathohistologic studies reveal that the tumor mass contains a large number of blood vessels. An increase in which of the following is the most likely stimulus for the growth of vessels in a solid tumor?

A) Growth hormone
B) Plasma glucose concentration
C) Angiostatin growth factor
D) Tissue oxygen concentration
E) Vascular endothelial growth factor
A

E) Vascular endothelial growth factor

37
Q

A 38-year-old woman moves with her family from New York City (sea level) to Leadville, Colorado (10.200 feet above sea level). Which of the following will occur as a result of residing at high altitude?

a) Hypoventilation
b) Hypertrophy of the left ventricle
c) Arterial PO₂ greater than 100 mm Hg
d) Respiratory acidosis
e) Increased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration

A

e) Increased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration

38
Q

Compared with the systemic circulation, the pulmonary circulation has a

a) higher blood flow
b) lower resistance
c) higher arterial pressure
d) higher cardiac output
e) higher capillary pressure

A

b) lower resistance

39
Q

Which of the followings is false about the nervous regulation of the circulation?

a) In a few tissues epinephrine causes vasodilation because it also has a “beta” adrenergic receptor stimulatory effect
b) Nervous system controls the circulation almost entirely through the somatic nervous system
c) Parasympathetic stimulation causes a marked decrease in heart rate and a slight decrease in heart muscle contractility
d) Distribution of sympathetic nerve fibers to the blood vessels, demonstrating that in most tissues all the vessels except the capillaries are innervated
e) Because the baroreceptor system opposes either increases or decreases in arterial pressure, it is called a pressure buffer system

A

b) Nervous system controls the circulation almost entirely through the somatic nervous system

40
Q

Hypoxemia produces hyperventilation by a direct effect on the

a) medullary chemoreceptors
b) carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors
c) lung stretch receptors
d) phrenic nerve
e) J receptors

A

b) carotid and body chemoreceptors

41
Q

Which of the following lung volumes or capacities can be measured by spirometry?

a) Total lung capacity (TLC)
b) Physiologic dead space
c) Functional residual capacity (FRC)
d) Vital capacity (VC)
e) Residual volume (RV)

A

d) Vital capacity (VC)

42
Q

Which of the following heart murmurs is heard during diastole also?

a) Interventricular septal defect
b) Patent ductus arteriosus
c) Aortic stenosis
d) Mitral regurgitation
e) Tricuspid valve regurgitation

A

b) Patent ductus arteriosus

43
Q

A diver carries a 1000-liter metal talk-box with an open bottom to a depth of 20 m (66 feet) so that two divers can insert their heads and talk beneath the water. A person on the surface of the water pumps air into the box until the 1000-liter box is completely filled with air. How much air from the surface is required to fill the box (in liters)?

a) 1000
b) 2000
c) 5000
d) 4000
e) 3000

A

e) 3000

44
Q

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) regulates blood flow to which one of the following organs?

a) Skeletal muscle at rest
b) Heart

C) Skeletal muscle during exercise

d) Brain
e) Skin

A

d) Brain

45
Q

Which sentence is not correct regarding with the Goldblatt hypertention model?

a) In “two-Kidney” Goldblatt Hypertension the artery to only one kidney is constricted while the artery to the other kidney is normal.
b) “One-Kidney” Goldblatt Hypertension model is that one kidney is removed and a constrictor is placed on the renal artery of the remaining kidney.
c) Renin secretion is increased only by the kidney with renal artery consticted in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertention model
d) Early rise in arterial pressure in one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension is caused by the renin-angiotensin vasoconstrictor mechanism
e) The long term rise in arterial pressure in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension model is caused by retention of salt and water only by the constricted kidney

A

e) The long term rise in arterial pressure in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension model is caused by retention of salt and water only by the constricted kidney

46
Q

In which disease below oxygen treatment is useless?

a) Hypoventilation due to neuromuscular diseases
b) Anemia
c) Right to left cardiac shunts
d) Hypoxic hypoxia
e) Cyanide poisoning

A

e) Cyanide poisoning

47
Q

A 54-year-old woman with advanced emphysema due to long-term cigarette smoking is admitted to the hospital for shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension. Her arterial blood gases are P0₂ = 75 mm Hg Pco₂ = 45 mm Hg pH = 7.35

What is the cause of the pulmonary hypertension in this woman?

a) Decreased alveolar P0₂
b) Increased alveolar Pco₂

C) Increased bronchodilation

d) Increased sympathetic tone
e) Decreased pulmonary capillary number

A

e) Decreased pulmonary capillary number

48
Q

Which one of the following would tend to decrease pulse pressure?

A) An increase in metabolic rate

B) An increase in stroke volume

C) An increase in arterial compliance

D) An increase in venous return

E) An increase plasma volume

A

C) An increase in arterial compliance

49
Q

Which sentence is not correct regarding with the Goldblatt hypertention model?

A) “One-Kidney” Goldblatt Hypertension model is that one kidney is removed and a constrictor is placed on the renal artery of the remaining kidney.

B) In “two-Kidney” Goldblatt Hypertension the artery to only one kidney is constricted while the artery to the other kidney is normal

C) Early rise in arterial pressure in one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension is caused by the renin-angiotensin vasoconstrictor mechanism.

D) Renin secretion is increased by both of the kidneys in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertention.

E) The long term rise in arterial pressure in one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension is caused by retention of salt and water by the constricted kidney

A

D) Renin secretion is increased by both of the kidneys in two-kidney Goldblatt hypertention.

50
Q

Which one affects the peripheral chemoreceptors most to regulate respiration?

A) O2

B) CO2

C) Hidrojen iyons

D) H2

E) He

A

A) O2

51
Q

A 35-year-old woman visits her family practitioner for an examination. She has a mean blood pressure of 105 mmllg and a heart rate of 74 bpm. Further tests by a cardiologist revealed that the patient has moderate aortic valve stenosis. Which one of the set or changes would
be expected in this patient ?

A) Pulse Pressure ↑, Stroke volume ↑, Systolic Pressure ↑

B) Pulse Pressure ↑, Stroke volume ↓ ,Systolic Pressure ↓

C) Pulse Pressure ↑ ,Stroke volume ↑, Systolic Pressure ↓

D) Pulse Pressure ↓ ,Stroke Volume ↑, Systolic Pressure ↓

E) Pulse Pressure ↓, Stroke Volume ↓. Systolic Pressure ↓

A

E) Pulse Pressure ↓, Stroke Volume ↓. Systolic Pressure ↓

52
Q

Which one is not a way that extra oxygen consumed after exercise is used for?

A) Reconvert the accumulated lactic acid back to glucose

B) Reconvert AMP or ADP to ATP

C) Re-establish phosphocreatine levels

D) Re-establish the oxygen concentration bound to hemoglobin and myoglobin.

E) Re-establish the tissue triglyceride levels

A

E) Re-establish the tissue triglyceride levels

53
Q

Which one is not one of the specific needs of the tissues for blood flow?

A) Delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

B) Delivery of nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.

C) Removal of carbon dioxide from the tissues.

D) Delivey of hydrogen ions to the tissues.

E) Transport of various hormones and other substances to the different tissues.

A

D) Delivey of hydrogen ions to the tissues.

54
Q

An ACE inhibitor is administered to a 65 year-old man with a 20-year history of hypertension. The drug lowered his arterial pressure and increased his plasma levels of renin and bradykinin. Which mechanism would best explain the decrease in arterial pressure?

A) Inhibition of angiotensin I

B) Decreased conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

C) Increased plasma levels of bradykinin

D) Increased plasma levels of renin

E) Decreased formation of angiotensin II

A

E) Decreased formation of angiotensin II

55
Q

A 9-year-old boy decided to find out how long he could breathe into and out of a paper bag. After-2 minutes his friends noticed that he was breathing very rapidly and forced him to stop. Which of the following was the most potent stimulus for the boy’s hyperventilation?

A) Decreased arterial PO,

B) Increased arterial PO,

C) Increased arterial PCO,

D) Decreased arterial PCO,

E) Increased pH

A

C) Increased arterial PCO,

56
Q

Which mechanism takes part in the restoration of the blood volume after bleeding?

A) Fluid movement from intracellular area to the blood.

B) Decrease in ADH secretion

C) Decrease in the escretion of aldosteron from the adrenal gland

D) Activation of the renin-angiotensin system

E) Vasodilation in arteries and veins

A

D) Activation of the renin-angiotensin system

57
Q

Which of the following respiratory tests is diagnostic in asthma?

a) Inspiratory Reserve Volume
b) Residual Volume
c) Force expiratory Volume
d) Tidal Volume
e) Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

c) Force expiratory Volume

58
Q

Which one does not stimulate renin secretion from the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

a) Decreased GFR and flow to macula densa
b) An increase in the activity of renal sympathetic nerves
c) Excess sweating
d) Decrease in arterial pressure
e) Increased NaCl delivery to macula densa

A

e) Increased NaCl delivery to macula densa

59
Q

_____ (1) _____ arterial blood is oxygenated blood, in contrast to the partially deoxygenated blood in the _____(2) _____ arteries. It supplies the supporting tissues of the lungs, including connective tissue and septa. After this blood has passed through the supporting tissues, it empties into _____(3) _____ veins and enters the _____(4)_____.

Which one fills the spaces correctly?

a) 1-Pulmonary 2-Bronchial 3-Pulmonary 4-Left atrium
b) 1-Bronchial 2-Pulmonary 3-Pulmonary 4-Left atrium
c) 1-Bronchial 2-Pulmonary 3-Pulmonary 4-Right atrium
d) 1-Pulmonary 2-Bronchial 3-Systemic 4-Right atrium
e) 1-Bronchial 2-Pulmonary 3-Systemic 4-Right atrium

A

b) 1-Bronchial 2-Pulmonary 3-Pulmonary 4-Left atrium

2nd Committee 2nd Class (8 decks)

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