Physiology Midterm Review Flashcards
EDV
End Diastolic Volume 110-120ml
Amount ventricle holds prior to contraction
Can be increased to 150-180ml
SV
Stroke volume 70ml
ESV
End Systolic Volume 40-50ml
Amount left over after ventricle contraction, can be as little 10-20ml
Ejection Fraction
SV/EDV ex. 70/110 = 64%
Depolarization/Contraction
P and QRS wave
Repolarization
T wave, atrial is hidden in QRS
P-R Interval
Time between firing SA node and contraction of ventricle -0.16 seconds
Q-T Interval
0.35s
Ventricle contraction/depolarization
T wave
Appears at end of potential
P Wave
Occurs at beginning of the contraction of the atria
Mean axis of the heart
59 degrees
Large QRS cause
Hypertrophy of ventricle
Depolarization
P and QRS waves
Repolarization
T wave, atrial hidden by QRS
AV receives signal from SA node _____s after origin
.03s
Signal is delayed in the AV node for
.09s
A final delay of ____s occurs in the penetrating bundles
.04s
Therefore, there is a ____s delay from the initial origin of signal
.16s
Sympathetic Innervation of the heart
Distributed to all parts of the heart, mainly the ventricle
Neurotransmitter = NE
Stimulates beta-1 adrenergic receptors
May increase permeability of fiber membranes to Sodium and Calcium
Parasympathetic Innervation of the heart
Vagus mainly to the SA and AV nodes.
Decreases rate of rhythm of SA node
Increases permeability of fiber membranes to K+ ions. Hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization
-65 to -70 ml
vs -55 to -60
Bradycardia
Slow rate, <60 beats/minute
Causes: Athletic heart
Vagal Stimulation
Resp rate of sinus arrhythmia - resp centers are close to cardiac centers and can spill over
Tachycardia
Fast rate, >100 beats/minute
Causes: Increased body temp (increases cell activity)
Stimulation of heart by sympathetic nerves
Toxic conditions of heart ie. infection
Dropped QRS
2nd degree Atrioventricular block
2:1 rhythm or variations
Circus Movements
Ventricular Fibrillation - no work is done, blood sits in ventricle and heart quivers
3 Conditions leading to Circus Movements
- Pathway around circle is too long
- Path is constant, but velocity of conduction slows down
- The refractory period of the muscle might become greatly shortened. Can get another contraction when you shouldn’t because in relative refractory, not absolute refractory
Capacitance
AKA Compliance = distensibility x volume
Vascular distensibility
Resistance
Impediment to blood flow in a vessel
Resistance value if vessels strongly consticted
4 PRU
PRU
Peripheral Resistance Unit
Resistance value if vessels dialated
Falls to as little as 0.2 PRU
Cardiac Output
Rate of blood flow through the entire circulatory system
100 ml/sec
Pressure difference from systemic arteries to systemic veins
100mmHg
Resistance of entire systemic circulation =
100/100 or 1 PRU
Flow
The greater the pressure difference, the higher the flow
The more the resistance, the slower the flow
Blood volume
Systemic - 84% -veins 64% -arteries 13% -systemic arterioles and capillaries 7% Heart and Lungs - 16%
Where is most of blood found?
Veins
64%
T Wave
greatest portion of ventricular mass to repolarize first is the entire outer surface of ventricles, esp near apex
Normal T waves in 3 bipolar leads
Is positive, as is most of QRS
P Wave
Atrial depolarization begins in sinus node
ECG normally positive in all 3 leads
Atrial T wave
Slower than in ventricles
Sinus node 1st part to become repolarized
Almost always masked by QRS
Mean electrical axis
Summation of all vectors
Run neg to pos, inclined to L at 59 degrees, almost parallel to lead 2
Why lead 2 has highest peak
Abnormal ventricular conditions that cause axis deviation
Change in position of heart
Hypertrophy of ventricle
Fluid in pericardium
Increased Voltage
Sum of the voltages of all the QRS complexes of 3 leads is >4mV
Decreased Voltage
Cardiac myopathies
Conditions surrounding ie. infection
Currents of Injury
J point - reference point for analyzing current of injury
End of QRS
Sinoatrial Block
Pacemaker not functioning/blocked
Sudden cessation of P waves
Resultant standstill of atria
Ventricle pick up new rhythm, usually originating in AV node (slower)
QRS is slowed, but not otherwise affected
Atrioventricular Block
Conditions causing: Ischemia of AV node d/t coronary insufficiency Compression of AV bundle by scar tissue Inflammation of AV node or bundle Extreme stimulation of heart by vagus
Incomplete Atrioventricular Block
1st degree - P-R interval > .20s
2nd degree - dropped QRS
-P is present
-dropped beats of ventricle 2:1 rhythm or variation
Complete AV Block
No relation between rate of P waves and rate of QRS
-totally disconnected
Paroxysmal Tachycardia
Heart becomes rapid in paroxysms - quick onset, rapid end
Pacemaker of heart suddenly shifts back to sinus node
Defibrillator
Puts entire heart into state of absolute refractory and allows SA node to take over again and restart normal rhythm
Laminar Flow
Blood flow has layers
- flows at steady rate
- flows in streamlines