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Physiology I > Lecture 1 Homeostasis > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Human Physiology

A

Study of functional organization of the human body

*function involving cells

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment
*Internal enviro is constantly changing

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3
Q

Negative Feedback Loops

A

An increase in some parameter (ie. bp) causes a response that results in a decrease in that parameter.
Ex. arterial blood pressure

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4
Q

Regulation of arterial blood pressure

A

Ex of negative feedback loop

  • baroreceptors sense increase in arterial pressure
  • Baroreceptors send inhibitory signals to vasomotor receptors in medulla
  • Heart pumping capacity reduced and blood vessels dilate
  • Arterial pressure decreases
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5
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

An increase in some parameter causes a response that continues to increase that same parameter
Ex. childbirth

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6
Q

Gain definition

A

the degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions
*how effective the feedback loop is

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7
Q

Gain equation

A

correction/error

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8
Q

Cell membranes

A

Separate intracellular from extracellular environments and regulate what enters and leaves the cell

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9
Q

Unit membrane

A

All cell membranes have this same basic structure. *biphospholipid layer with cholesterol inserted among the phospholipid

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10
Q

% of phospholipid layer is cholesterol

A

50%

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11
Q

2 types of proteins associated with the membrane

A
  1. Integral - form channels, help maintain homeostasis

2. Peripheral - loosely attached to surface of membrane, easily removed

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12
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Either inserted into the membrane on one side or other or pass all the way through and are exposed on either side of the membrane

  • many transport, form channels, help maintain homeostasis
  • If in middle must have hydrophobic region, and hydrophillic regions on extra/intra
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13
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Loosely attached to one surface of the membrane or the other and are easily removed.
Anything in intra or extra has to be hydrophillic

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14
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Serves as a selective filter and limits what can pass from one side to the other
*Lipid soluble substances can generally pass readily across the membrane

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15
Q

Plasma Membrane Functions

A
  • Selective filter
  • Integral role in defining the intracellular and extracellular fluid composition (most imp fxn)
  • Info exchange between the cell and its enviro
  • Involved in exocytosis and endocytosis
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16
Q

Most important function of plasma membrane

A

An integral role in defining the intracellular and extracellular fluid composition

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17
Q

6 membrane bound cellular organelles

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Lysosomes
  6. Peroxisomes and endosomes
18
Q

Are ribosomes organelles?

A

No. They are not membrane bound. Organelles are membrane bound

19
Q

Cytosol

A

Cytoplasm without the organelles

20
Q

Endocytosis includes these two things

A
  1. pinocytosis

2. phagocytosis

21
Q

Endocytosis

A 
Coated pits (with clathrin) with or without receptors
Form phagocytic vesicles
22
Q

Phagocytic vesicles

A

Formed by endocytosis

Coated with Clathrin and engulfed into cell. Actin/myosin help pinch it off

23
Q

Cellular Digestion

A

Involves lysosomes

24
Q

Lysosomes and digestion

A
  • contain hydrolytic enzymes at a low pH
  • Primary lysosomes fuse with phagocytic vesicles to form secondary lysosomes
  • Undigested material is left behind within residual bodies
  • Residual bodies may be eliminated via exocytosis
25
Q

Primary lysosomes

A

fuse with phagocytic vesicles to form secondary lysosomes

26
Q

Residual bodies

A

Undigested material is left behind within

May be eliminated via exocytosis

27
Q

Cellular Synthesis

A

Involves ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Golgi apparatus

28
Q

Proteins in rough ER

A

Proteins synthesized are bound for lysosomes or for secretion

29
Q

Proteins synthesized on free ribosomes

A

Proteins bound for the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria or to other cell membranes

30
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes

31
Q

2 types of energy production

A
  1. Glycolysis

2. Kreb’s cycle and ETC

32
Q

Glycolysis

A 
Anaerobic respiration
Begins with glucose
Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
Does not require oxygen
Produces pyruvic acid (lactic acid) and a small amount of ATP
33
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

34
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis

35
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Kreb’s cycle and ETC

36
Q

Kreb’s cycle and ETC

A 
Utilizes pyruvic acid from glycolysis
Can only occur in the mitochondria
Requires oxygen as the final electron receptor
Produces carbon dioxide and water
Produces much more ATP than glycolysis
37
Q

Two types locomotion

A
  1. Amoeboid movement

2. Cilia and flagella

38
Q

Amoeboid movement

A

Used by macrophages and some other leucocytes

**immune system

39
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

Flagella move cells
Cilia move other material
Cells remain stationary

40
Q

Cilia

A

move other material (NOT cells) usually thorugh a layer of mucous that coats a layer of ciliated cells

41
Q

Flagella

A

Move cells

**only flagellated cells in humans and other mammals are sperm cells

42
Q

Ex of flagellated cells in humans

A

Sperm are only ones

Physiology I (7 decks)

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