Lecture 1 Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Human Physiology

A

Study of functional organization of the human body

*function involving cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment
*Internal enviro is constantly changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Negative Feedback Loops

A

An increase in some parameter (ie. bp) causes a response that results in a decrease in that parameter.
Ex. arterial blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Regulation of arterial blood pressure

A

Ex of negative feedback loop

  • baroreceptors sense increase in arterial pressure
  • Baroreceptors send inhibitory signals to vasomotor receptors in medulla
  • Heart pumping capacity reduced and blood vessels dilate
  • Arterial pressure decreases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

An increase in some parameter causes a response that continues to increase that same parameter
Ex. childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gain definition

A

the degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions
*how effective the feedback loop is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gain equation

A

correction/error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell membranes

A

Separate intracellular from extracellular environments and regulate what enters and leaves the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unit membrane

A

All cell membranes have this same basic structure. *biphospholipid layer with cholesterol inserted among the phospholipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

% of phospholipid layer is cholesterol

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 types of proteins associated with the membrane

A
  1. Integral - form channels, help maintain homeostasis

2. Peripheral - loosely attached to surface of membrane, easily removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Either inserted into the membrane on one side or other or pass all the way through and are exposed on either side of the membrane

  • many transport, form channels, help maintain homeostasis
  • If in middle must have hydrophobic region, and hydrophillic regions on extra/intra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Loosely attached to one surface of the membrane or the other and are easily removed.
Anything in intra or extra has to be hydrophillic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Serves as a selective filter and limits what can pass from one side to the other
*Lipid soluble substances can generally pass readily across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plasma Membrane Functions

A
  • Selective filter
  • Integral role in defining the intracellular and extracellular fluid composition (most imp fxn)
  • Info exchange between the cell and its enviro
  • Involved in exocytosis and endocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most important function of plasma membrane

A

An integral role in defining the intracellular and extracellular fluid composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

6 membrane bound cellular organelles

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Lysosomes
  6. Peroxisomes and endosomes
18
Q

Are ribosomes organelles?

A

No. They are not membrane bound. Organelles are membrane bound

19
Q

Cytosol

A

Cytoplasm without the organelles

20
Q

Endocytosis includes these two things

A
  1. pinocytosis

2. phagocytosis

21
Q

Endocytosis

A
Coated pits (with clathrin) with or without receptors
Form phagocytic vesicles
22
Q

Phagocytic vesicles

A

Formed by endocytosis

Coated with Clathrin and engulfed into cell. Actin/myosin help pinch it off

23
Q

Cellular Digestion

A

Involves lysosomes

24
Q

Lysosomes and digestion

A
  • contain hydrolytic enzymes at a low pH
  • Primary lysosomes fuse with phagocytic vesicles to form secondary lysosomes
  • Undigested material is left behind within residual bodies
  • Residual bodies may be eliminated via exocytosis
25
Primary lysosomes
fuse with phagocytic vesicles to form secondary lysosomes
26
Residual bodies
Undigested material is left behind within | May be eliminated via exocytosis
27
Cellular Synthesis
Involves ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Golgi apparatus
28
Proteins in rough ER
Proteins synthesized are bound for lysosomes or for secretion
29
Proteins synthesized on free ribosomes
Proteins bound for the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria or to other cell membranes
30
Rough ER
ribosomes
31
2 types of energy production
1. Glycolysis | 2. Kreb's cycle and ETC
32
Glycolysis
``` Anaerobic respiration Begins with glucose Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells Does not require oxygen Produces pyruvic acid (lactic acid) and a small amount of ATP ```
33
Where does Glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
34
Anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis
35
Aerobic respiration
Kreb's cycle and ETC
36
Kreb's cycle and ETC
``` Utilizes pyruvic acid from glycolysis Can only occur in the mitochondria Requires oxygen as the final electron receptor Produces carbon dioxide and water Produces much more ATP than glycolysis ```
37
Two types locomotion
1. Amoeboid movement | 2. Cilia and flagella
38
Amoeboid movement
Used by macrophages and some other leucocytes | **immune system
39
Cilia and flagella
Flagella move cells Cilia move other material Cells remain stationary
40
Cilia
move other material (NOT cells) usually thorugh a layer of mucous that coats a layer of ciliated cells
41
Flagella
Move cells | **only flagellated cells in humans and other mammals are sperm cells
42
Ex of flagellated cells in humans
Sperm are only ones