Physiology Midterm Flashcards
What are the 3 main functions the nervous system uses to communicate and respond to environmental changes? And how do they work?
Sensory Input: allows us to read changes in the environment. This helps us survive and maintain a constant internal balance when faced with changes. In the traffic light example this occurs when we see a yellow light.
Integration: Is when the nervous system makes up a story about what is occurring. The first part of this is processing the information it is receiving from the sensory input. The second part is creating a plan of how to respond. It is understanding the meaning.
Motor Output: Is the physical act of the response. In the traffic example it is taking the foot off the accelerator and placing it on the break after seeing the yellow light.
What does the central nervous system consist of?
The brain and spinal cord
What happens in the spinal cord?
Where integration occurs
What does the PNS consist of?
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia.
What do spinal nerves do?
Take sensory input toward the CNS and send output to muscles/glands from the CNS
What is ganglia?
is a junction point for elements of the CNS. It is an indirect junction between the PNS and the CNS
What is a nerve?
is a collection of axons in the PNS
What is motor input and sensory input?
Motor Output= information is carried away from the spinal cord
Sensory Input= information is moved toward the spinal cord because it is necessary for integration.
What is the nervous system?
The master controlling and communicating system of the body
What does the nervous system consist of?
Mostly cells which communicate with each other by electrical and chemical signals.
What are the two ways the PNS is divided into?
What do they do?
Sensory/ afferent division & motor efferent version
Sensory/afferent division detects environmental changes, gathers information and sends it to the CNS. Example: blood pressure/ temperature. It has somatic and visceral fibres that go from receptors to the CNS
Motor/efferent: performs the actions (effectors)
Has motor nerve fibres from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
What do efferent and afferent mean?
Efferent: info sent away from CNS
Afferent: Information sent to the PNS
Which muscles are voluntary/ involuntary?
Cardiac & Smooth= involuntary
Skeletal= Voluntary
What is integration managed by?
The CNS
How can the motor division be further divided?
Into the somatic nervous system (voluntary from CNS to skeletal muscles)
Autonomic Nervous System: involuntary (visceral motor) from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscles and glands.
What two ways can the Autonomic Division be further divided?
Sympathetic Division (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic Division (rest and digest)
What do somatic and visceral mean?
Somatic: Information is going toward the muscles. It refers to the structure in the body (skin, bones, joints and skeletal muscles)
VIsceral: Internal Organs (stomach stretching out after you’ve eaten a meal)
What are some examples of glands?
tear, sweat, salivary
What is nervous tissue comprised of?
What are the two types of cells?
cells and minimal extracellular matrix.
a. neuroglia which are small supportive cells
b. neurons- excitable cells that transmit impulses.
What are the 4 types of Neuroglia in the CNS?
Astroctyes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
Oligodendrocytes
What are astrocytes and from what system?
CNS system. Star shapes, most abundant and they help anchor neurons to capillaries. They help to control the external environment of the neuron because the neurons are easily excitable and must be tightly controlled. They have a role in nutrient exchange and in maintaining the blood-brain barrier. They control the environment by absorbing and recycling neurotransmitters.
What are microglia?
CNS system. Protective, they remove cell debris, wastes and pathogens. They can transform into macrophages to destroy what is not needed.
What are Ependymal Cells? What system?
CNS. Ciliated cells that line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord as a barrier between the CSF and fluid bathing cells of CNS. The spaces include canals (ventricals in the brain) and these cells produce and circulate fluid via cilia. It is also where blood filtration happens and the cells modify the fluid in these cavities and then circulate.
What are Oligodendrocytes and which system?
CNS. They are cells that are “few branches” they provide the myelin sheaths to the CNS neurons.