Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3rd Yr Sping > Physiology MCQ > Flashcards

Physiology MCQ Flashcards

1
Q

When were cattle domesticated?

A

10000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When were chickens domesticated?

A

5000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who first came up with the concept of ‘balance’ in physiology?

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

On average, how many lactations does a cow last in an Irish dairy herd?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Growth rates in poultry have increased by what %?

A

400

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sudden death syndrome in poultry is due to insufficiency in what organs?

A

Heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Broodiness is controlled by which hormone?

A

Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the national average milk yield of a dairy cow in Ireland?

A

5500L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reasons for premature culling in cattle?

A

Mastitis
Infertility
Lameness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The line at which the physiological reserve is exceeded, is called what?

A

The physiological limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A self regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external environments is referred to as what

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fat cells are an important source of energy – these cells are called?

A

Adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What portal system connects the Hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The pineal gland secretes what?

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What gland secretes insulin?

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

Salivary
Mammary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of fat is involved in thermogenesis?

A

Brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cholesterol is used to make what type of hormone?

A

Steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sugars are carbohydrates and are used to make what type of proteins?

A

Glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which type of hormone are bound to carrier proteins (chaperones)?

A

Steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of secretion pattern does Melatonin display?

A

Circadian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Components of the somatotrophic axis?

A

IGF
GH
Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give an example of a steroid/peptide hormone

A

Cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most common killer of neonatal calves?

A

GIT infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most common killer of calves older than one month of age?

A

Respiratory infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

CRISPR is a natural mechanism for editing DNA. True or False

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When did adaptive immunity arise?

A

500 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the mechanism by which genes evolve?

A

Gene duplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Tagging invaders for destruction is called what?

A

Opsonisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of antibodies do frogs have that other species do not?

A

IgX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the (approx.) energetic cost of an immune response?

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What proportion of blood are neutrophils?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does Polymorphonuclear refer to?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The ability of a neutrophil to exude DNA to trap bacteria is called what?

A

Netosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Spilling enzymes out of a cell to kill bacteria is known as?

A

Degranulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A macrophage differentiates from an immature cell called what?

A

Monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A mature B cell which makes antibodies is known as what?

A

Plasma cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cell mediated immunity is controlled by what cell?

A

T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The receptor which detects LPS from Gram negative bacteria (like E. coli) is?

A

TLR4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which cytokine has a proinflammatory function?

A

Interleukin 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which region of the antibody molecule detects the antigen?

A

FAB region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which of these is an intrinsic factor (which influences the immune response)?

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

A totipotent stem cell can become what?

A

A new individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Epithelial cells derive from what type of stem cell?

A

Endodermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

At birth, Th1 immunity is low and regulatory immunity is high. True or False

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The type of cells present in high numbers in cattle and which regulate inflammation are called?

A

Gamma Delta T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Antibodies can cross the placenta in humans as they have what type of placental structure?

A

Hemochorial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which antibody in eggs comes from the hens serum?

A

IgY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which of the following combinations represent physiologically inflammatory events?

A

Ovulation, implantation, and parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The organ with greatest blood flow in mammals

A

Kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The selection pressure exerted by Man

A

Artificial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Largest organ in avian species

A

Heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The function of adipose tissue to generate heat

A

Thermogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The nucleus which regulates the circadian clock

A

Suprachiasmatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The tissue or organ of greatest weight as a % of body weight in cattle

A

Adipose

57
Q

The capacity of an animal to be minimally affected by disturbances or to rapidly return to the state pertained before exposure to a disturbance

A

Resilience

58
Q

The geographical location where cattle were domesticated

A

Middle East

59
Q

The selection pressure exerted by Nature

A

Natural

60
Q

The organ with greatest blood flow in cattle

A

Liver

61
Q

The hormone which controls milk ejection

A

Oxytocin

62
Q

The maintenance of lactation

A

Galactopoiesis

63
Q

The branching of ducts which accompanies mammary development

A

Morphogenesis

64
Q

The canal through which vessels from the abdomen enter the mammary gland

A

Inguinal

65
Q

The original cell from which everything else develops

A

Stem

65
Q

The system that collects the tissue fluid for recirculation and also contains lymphocytes

A

Lymph

66
Q

The name of the plates which provide lateral support for the mammary gland

A

Lamellar

67
Q

The cell responsible for milk secretion

A

Myoepithelial

68
Q

The generation of mammary tissue

A

Mammogenesis

69
Q

The term for the same animal concurrently producing milk of different composition

A

Asynchronous

70
Q

The swelling of the mammary tissue in latter stages of pregnancy

A

Odema

71
Q

The name of the vessel curves (or flexures) which allow mammary gland expansion

A

Sigmoid

72
Q

Describing growth that proceeds at the same rate of the body

A

Isometric

73
Q

The synthesis and secretion of milk

A

Lactogenesis

74
Q

Yellow elastic connective tissue which forms the suspensory mammary gland ligaments

A

Median

75
Q

The term that describes a loss in mammary gland size during involution

A

Regression

76
Q

The species identified by the ability to lactate

A

Mammalia

77
Q

The part of the mammary gland formed from ductal and alveolar cells

A

Luminal

78
Q

The trait for which the genes have been conserved across evolution

A

Milk fat

79
Q

The lineage along which the ability to lactate evolved

A

Synapsid

80
Q

The name for placental mammals

A

Eutherians

81
Q

The arteries of the mammary gland

A

Pudendal

82
Q

Describes growth which is accelerated compared to the rest of the body

A

Allometric

83
Q

The pressure which controls water transport into mammary gland

A

Osmotic

84
Q

The regression of the mammary gland at the end of lactation

A

Involution

85
Q

The first stage of a signal after detection of an invader

A

Perception

86
Q

The process of cell spilling enzyme contents to kill bacteria

A

Degranulation

87
Q

The release of pre-formed proteins from cells

A

Exocytosis

88
Q

The third stage of a signal

A

Response

89
Q

The carbohydrate on the surface of Gram negative bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharide

90
Q

The name for the region of contact between an APC and a T cell

A

Synapse

91
Q

The term for expansion of identical daughter cells

A

Clonal expansion

92
Q

The cell which releases histamine

A

Mast cell

93
Q

The name of the enzyme which rearranges DNA during antibody diversity generation

A

RAG (Recombination Activating Gene)

94
Q

The random movement of cells

A

Chemokinesis

95
Q

The second stage of a signal after detection of an invader

A

Transduction

96
Q

The neutrophil granules which are released first

A

Tertiary granules

97
Q

The protein made by the host and used to detect an immune response to TB in cattle

A

Interferon gamma

98
Q

The exudation of DNA to trap bacteria

A

Netosis

99
Q

The mineral which regulates granule release

A

Calcium

100
Q

The acronym for a pathogen-associated molecular pattern such as LPS

A

PAMP (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns)

101
Q

Innate immune cell which develops from a monocyte

A

Macrophage

102
Q

Type of cell that prevents overreaction

A

Regulatory

103
Q

Complex used in antigen presentation

A

MHC

104
Q

Involved in immunity and clotting

A

Platelets

105
Q

Antibodies that recognise self-proteins

A

Auto-antibodies

106
Q

Type of microvesicle used to communicate between cells

A

Exosome

107
Q

Joining between APC and adaptive immune cell

A

Synpase

108
Q

A protein that binds iron

A

Lactoferrin

109
Q

Innate cell which sample environment

A

Dendritic

110
Q

Fusion of phagosome containing pathogen and lysosome containing enzymes

A

Phagolysosomes

111
Q

Directional movement of cells

A

Chemotaxis

112
Q

Cell organelle in which pathogen are digested

A

Phagosome

113
Q

Unsteady reactive molecules released during cell death

A

ROS – reactive oxygen species

114
Q

Molecule found in membrane of gram neg bacteria

A

LPS

115
Q

Mineral which is involved in the granule release from neutrophils

A

Calcium

116
Q

Protein found studded in NETS from neutrophils

A

AMPs

117
Q

Type of cell death which results from cells don’t get enough signalling

A

Anergy

118
Q

Self-structures that activate cells when damaged

A

DAMPs

119
Q

Type of cell expansion occurs to generate identical daughter cells

A

Clonal expansion

120
Q

Antimicrobial peptides contained within granules

A

Defensins

121
Q

A concentration of leukocytes that appear in blood after centrifugation is called what

A

Buffy coat

122
Q

Lymphocyte like cell that doesn’t form memory

A

NKT

123
Q

Variable region of antibody that binds to pathogen

A

FAB

124
Q

Conserved part of pathogen

A

PAMPs

125
Q

Cell involved in histamine release

A

Mast cell

126
Q

Process where B cells generate diverse receptor combinations

A

Rearrangement

127
Q

Immune cell which produces NETs

A

Neutrophil

128
Q

Differences: Neutrophil vs Macrophage

A

Neutrophil: short lived & throw out nets
Macrophage: live longer, antigen presentation, call in AIR & communicate with T cell

129
Q

What type of T cell activates B cell

A

Th2

130
Q

Diagnose cows: Lots of Th1 & neutrophilia

A

Bacterial

131
Q

Diagnose cows: Lots of CD8+ & neutropenic

A

Viral

132
Q

Diagnose cows: Lots of Th2 & CD4T cell antibody

A

Parasitic

133
Q

Diagnose cows: Lots of Treg & IL-10 anti inflam

A

Recovery

134
Q

Transitions: Treg high at birth

A

Prevent hyper inflammation

135
Q

Transitions: Th1 turned down pregnancy

A

Prevent abortion

136
Q

Transitions: Th2 & Treg turned up

A

Maintain pregnancy

137
Q

Polymicrobial diseases

A

Induced by multiple agents
Eg. BRD, Mastitis, D.Dermatitis

3rd Yr Sping (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions