Physiology MCQ Flashcards
1
Q
When were cattle domesticated?
A
10000 years ago
2
Q
When were chickens domesticated?
A
5000 years ago
3
Q
Who first came up with the concept of ‘balance’ in physiology?
A
Hippocrates
4
Q
On average, how many lactations does a cow last in an Irish dairy herd?
A
4
5
Q
Growth rates in poultry have increased by what %?
A
400
6
Q
Sudden death syndrome in poultry is due to insufficiency in what organs?
A
Heart
7
Q
Broodiness is controlled by which hormone?
A
Prolactin
8
Q
What is the national average milk yield of a dairy cow in Ireland?
A
5500L
9
Q
Reasons for premature culling in cattle?
A
Mastitis
Infertility
Lameness
10
Q
The line at which the physiological reserve is exceeded, is called what?
A
The physiological limit
11
Q
A self regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external environments is referred to as what
A
Homeostasis
12
Q
Fat cells are an important source of energy – these cells are called?
A
Adipocytes
13
Q
What portal system connects the Hypothalamus to the pituitary?
A
Hypophyseal
14
Q
Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?
A
Oxytocin
15
Q
The pineal gland secretes what?
A
Melatonin
16
Q
What gland secretes insulin?
A
Pancreas
17
Q
Examples of exocrine glands
A
Salivary
Mammary
18
Q
What type of fat is involved in thermogenesis?
A
Brown
19
Q
Cholesterol is used to make what type of hormone?
A
Steroid
20
Q
Sugars are carbohydrates and are used to make what type of proteins?
A
Glycoproteins
21
Q
Which type of hormone are bound to carrier proteins (chaperones)?
A
Steroid
22
Q
What type of secretion pattern does Melatonin display?
A
Circadian
23
Q
Components of the somatotrophic axis?
A
IGF
GH
Insulin
24
Q
Give an example of a steroid/peptide hormone
A
Cortisol
25
What is the most common killer of neonatal calves?
GIT infections
26
What is the most common killer of calves older than one month of age?
Respiratory infections
27
CRISPR is a natural mechanism for editing DNA. True or False
True
28
When did adaptive immunity arise?
500 million years ago
29
What is the mechanism by which genes evolve?
Gene duplication
30
Tagging invaders for destruction is called what?
Opsonisation
31
What type of antibodies do frogs have that other species do not?
IgX
32
What is the (approx.) energetic cost of an immune response?
30%
33
What proportion of blood are neutrophils?
50%
34
What does Polymorphonuclear refer to?
Multi-lobed nucleus
35
The ability of a neutrophil to exude DNA to trap bacteria is called what?
Netosis
36
Spilling enzymes out of a cell to kill bacteria is known as?
Degranulation
37
A macrophage differentiates from an immature cell called what?
Monocyte
38
A mature B cell which makes antibodies is known as what?
Plasma cell
39
Cell mediated immunity is controlled by what cell?
T cell
40
The receptor which detects LPS from Gram negative bacteria (like E. coli) is?
TLR4
41
Which cytokine has a proinflammatory function?
Interleukin 1
42
Which region of the antibody molecule detects the antigen?
FAB region
43
Which of these is an intrinsic factor (which influences the immune response)?
Genetics
44
A totipotent stem cell can become what?
A new individual
45
Epithelial cells derive from what type of stem cell?
Endodermal
46
At birth, Th1 immunity is low and regulatory immunity is high. True or False
True
47
The type of cells present in high numbers in cattle and which regulate inflammation are called?
Gamma Delta T cells
48
Antibodies can cross the placenta in humans as they have what type of placental structure?
Hemochorial
49
Which antibody in eggs comes from the hens serum?
IgY
50
Which of the following combinations represent physiologically inflammatory events?
Ovulation, implantation, and parturition
51
The organ with greatest blood flow in mammals
Kidney
52
The selection pressure exerted by Man
Artificial
53
Largest organ in avian species
Heart
54
The function of adipose tissue to generate heat
Thermogenesis
55
The nucleus which regulates the circadian clock
Suprachiasmatic
56
The tissue or organ of greatest weight as a % of body weight in cattle
Adipose
57
The capacity of an animal to be minimally affected by disturbances or to rapidly return to the state pertained before exposure to a disturbance
Resilience
58
The geographical location where cattle were domesticated
Middle East
59
The selection pressure exerted by Nature
Natural
60
The organ with greatest blood flow in cattle
Liver
61
The hormone which controls milk ejection
Oxytocin
62
The maintenance of lactation
Galactopoiesis
63
The branching of ducts which accompanies mammary development
Morphogenesis
64
The canal through which vessels from the abdomen enter the mammary gland
Inguinal
65
The original cell from which everything else develops
Stem
65
The system that collects the tissue fluid for recirculation and also contains lymphocytes
Lymph
66
The name of the plates which provide lateral support for the mammary gland
Lamellar
67
The cell responsible for milk secretion
Myoepithelial
68
The generation of mammary tissue
Mammogenesis
69
The term for the same animal concurrently producing milk of different composition
Asynchronous
70
The swelling of the mammary tissue in latter stages of pregnancy
Odema
71
The name of the vessel curves (or flexures) which allow mammary gland expansion
Sigmoid
72
Describing growth that proceeds at the same rate of the body
Isometric
73
The synthesis and secretion of milk
Lactogenesis
74
Yellow elastic connective tissue which forms the suspensory mammary gland ligaments
Median
75
The term that describes a loss in mammary gland size during involution
Regression
76
The species identified by the ability to lactate
Mammalia
77
The part of the mammary gland formed from ductal and alveolar cells
Luminal
78
The trait for which the genes have been conserved across evolution
Milk fat
79
The lineage along which the ability to lactate evolved
Synapsid
80
The name for placental mammals
Eutherians
81
The arteries of the mammary gland
Pudendal
82
Describes growth which is accelerated compared to the rest of the body
Allometric
83
The pressure which controls water transport into mammary gland
Osmotic
84
The regression of the mammary gland at the end of lactation
Involution
85
The first stage of a signal after detection of an invader
Perception
86
The process of cell spilling enzyme contents to kill bacteria
Degranulation
87
The release of pre-formed proteins from cells
Exocytosis
88
The third stage of a signal
Response
89
The carbohydrate on the surface of Gram negative bacteria
Lipopolysaccharide
90
The name for the region of contact between an APC and a T cell
Synapse
91
The term for expansion of identical daughter cells
Clonal expansion
92
The cell which releases histamine
Mast cell
93
The name of the enzyme which rearranges DNA during antibody diversity generation
RAG (Recombination Activating Gene)
94
The random movement of cells
Chemokinesis
95
The second stage of a signal after detection of an invader
Transduction
96
The neutrophil granules which are released first
Tertiary granules
97
The protein made by the host and used to detect an immune response to TB in cattle
Interferon gamma
98
The exudation of DNA to trap bacteria
Netosis
99
The mineral which regulates granule release
Calcium
100
The acronym for a pathogen-associated molecular pattern such as LPS
PAMP (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns)
101
Innate immune cell which develops from a monocyte
Macrophage
102
Type of cell that prevents overreaction
Regulatory
103
Complex used in antigen presentation
MHC
104
Involved in immunity and clotting
Platelets
105
Antibodies that recognise self-proteins
Auto-antibodies
106
Type of microvesicle used to communicate between cells
Exosome
107
Joining between APC and adaptive immune cell
Synpase
108
A protein that binds iron
Lactoferrin
109
Innate cell which sample environment
Dendritic
110
Fusion of phagosome containing pathogen and lysosome containing enzymes
Phagolysosomes
111
Directional movement of cells
Chemotaxis
112
Cell organelle in which pathogen are digested
Phagosome
113
Unsteady reactive molecules released during cell death
ROS – reactive oxygen species
114
Molecule found in membrane of gram neg bacteria
LPS
115
Mineral which is involved in the granule release from neutrophils
Calcium
116
Protein found studded in NETS from neutrophils
AMPs
117
Type of cell death which results from cells don’t get enough signalling
Anergy
118
Self-structures that activate cells when damaged
DAMPs
119
Type of cell expansion occurs to generate identical daughter cells
Clonal expansion
120
Antimicrobial peptides contained within granules
Defensins
121
A concentration of leukocytes that appear in blood after centrifugation is called what
Buffy coat
122
Lymphocyte like cell that doesn’t form memory
NKT
123
Variable region of antibody that binds to pathogen
FAB
124
Conserved part of pathogen
PAMPs
125
Cell involved in histamine release
Mast cell
126
Process where B cells generate diverse receptor combinations
Rearrangement
127
Immune cell which produces NETs
Neutrophil
128
Differences: Neutrophil vs Macrophage
Neutrophil: short lived & throw out nets
Macrophage: live longer, antigen presentation, call in AIR & communicate with T cell
129
What type of T cell activates B cell
Th2
130
Diagnose cows: Lots of Th1 & neutrophilia
Bacterial
131
Diagnose cows: Lots of CD8+ & neutropenic
Viral
132
Diagnose cows: Lots of Th2 & CD4T cell antibody
Parasitic
133
Diagnose cows: Lots of Treg & IL-10 anti inflam
Recovery
134
Transitions: Treg high at birth
Prevent hyper inflammation
135
Transitions: Th1 turned down pregnancy
Prevent abortion
136
Transitions: Th2 & Treg turned up
Maintain pregnancy
137
Polymicrobial diseases
Induced by multiple agents
Eg. BRD, Mastitis, D.Dermatitis
