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3rd Yr Sping > Physiology Extra > Flashcards

Physiology Extra Flashcards

1
Q

AMR

A

Anti-Microbial Resistance

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2
Q

CRISPR

A

‘Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Pallindromic Repeats’
Used to modify DNA of living organisms

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3
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Neutrophils 40-60%
Lymphocytes 20-40%
Monocytes 2-8%
Eosinophils 1-4%
Basophils 0.5-1%

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4
Q

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

A

Called granulocytes as their cytoplasm contains granules. Also called polymorphonuclear cells as they have an irregularly shaped nucleus

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5
Q

Neutrophils functions

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation/exocytosis (empties their contents to kill)
Netosis

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6
Q

Hierarchical release of neutrophil granules

A

Tertiary granules
Secondary granules
Primary granules

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7
Q

Macrophages functions

A

Phagocytosis
Make proteins (cytokines)
APCs

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8
Q

APCs

A

‘Antigen Presenting Cells’
Cells that present antigen to adaptive immune cells

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9
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Innate cells that also develop from monocytes

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10
Q

ADCC

A

‘Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity’
Cells marked with antibodies for destruction

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11
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

B cells make antibodies (AMIR)
T cells make cytokines (CMIR)

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12
Q

Stages of a signal

A

Perception
Effector/Transduction
Response

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13
Q

PAMPs

A

‘Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns’
Foreign structures detected by receptors

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14
Q

Gram - bacteria

A

Have lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell membrane
Trigger TLR4

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15
Q

Gram + bacteria

A

Have lipoproteins in cell membrane
Trigger TLR2

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16
Q

What TLR all recognise viruses?

A

TLR3/7/8/9

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17
Q

CD8T Cell

A

‘Cluster of Differentiation’
Activated if antigen comes from inside the cell (infected by a virus) and is processed and presented on an MHC class I receptor
Cytotoxic T cells -> kill other cells

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18
Q

CD4T Cell

A

‘Cluster of Differentiation’
Activated if antigen comes from outside the cell (phagocytosed)
Processed & presented on MHC class II receptor
Helper T cells -> help other cells (produce cytokines)

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19
Q

Antigen

A

A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body

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20
Q

B cell

A

Produces many daughter B cells which differentiate into plasma cells (secrete antibodies)
Activated by signal received from APC or T cells

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21
Q

T cell

A

Produces many daughter T cells which differentiate into subsets with different functions

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22
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Regulation/homeostasis

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23
Q

Different germ line regions of DNA that get mixed

A

Variable region
Joining region
Diversity region
RAG enzyme does the chopping and joining. Rearranges DNA during antibody diversity generation

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24
Q

Germ line region of DNA that doesn’t get mixed

A

Constant

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25
Q

Lymphoid follicles

A

Specialised aggregates of lymphoid tissue for adaptive immunity

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26
Q

MALT

A

‘Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue’
Links 2 components: The true mucosae, and secretory glands and organs that are not directly stimulated by mucosal antigens

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27
Q

Mucosa

A

A membrane rich in mucus glands that lines body passages and cavities

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28
Q

Mucosal system components

A

Specialised epithelium
Mucus
Tightly controlled regulatory mechanisms

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29
Q

Tight Junctional Complex

A

A specialised membrane domain at the most apical region of polarised epithelial cells

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30
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucins and create a projective mucus layer

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31
Q

Paneth cells

A

Highly specialised secretory epithelial cells

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32
Q

M cells

A

Specialised epithelial cells of the MALT.
Transport antigens from the lumen of the intestine to cells of the immune system

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33
Q

Dysbiosis

A

A reduction in diversity of bacterial species when a single pathogen takes over

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34
Q

Stem cell

A

A single cell that can replicate itself, or differentiate into many cell types

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35
Q

Totipotent cells

A

Each cell can develop into a new individual
Eg. cells of embryo of 1-3 days

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36
Q

Pluripotent cells

A

Each cell can form any cell type (over 200)
Eg. cells of blastocyst of 5-14 days

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37
Q

Multipotent cells

A

Cells differentiate and can form a number of tissue types
Eg. foetal tissue, cord blood, adult cells

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38
Q

Myelopoiesis

A

Production of bone marrow and all non-lymphoid blood cells

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39
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

Production of new lymphocytes, including B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells

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40
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

A

Serve as cell signalling molecules for normal biologic processes

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41
Q

Respiratory (oxidative) burst

A

The rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)

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42
Q

Gamma delta T cells

A

Unconventional T cells as they have both innate and adaptive properties

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43
Q

Inflammatory anergy

A

Cells are in general hyporesponsive

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44
Q

Passive protection

A

Ruminants have a syndesmochorial placenta
Entirely dependent on IgG antibodies from colostrum

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45
Q

Colostrum species

A

Horse, cow, sheep, pig -> predominantly IgG
Human -> predominantly IgA

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46
Q

Transcytosis

A

Immunoglobulins bind to Fc receptors on epithelial cells in the intestine (FcRn) and then endocytosed by epithelial cells and into systemic circulation

47
Q

In response to feeding

A
  • Epithelial cell proliferation occurs during late gestation/post birth and weaning
  • M cells expand
  • Goblet cells start to develop
  • Paneth cells secrete AMPs
48
Q

‘Dogma’

A

Th1 type immune response is reduced (to prevent inflammation)
Th2 type immune response is increased

49
Q

NEFA

A

‘Non-esterified fatty acids’
Concentrations typical of the early post-partum period led to substantial necrosis and a decrease in the viability of neutrophils

50
Q

Randle Effect

A

The preferential shunting of glucose away from muscle and to the MG

51
Q

Adipocytes

A

Make leptin which regulates obesity, energy balance, and immunity

52
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)

A

High in mitochondria and functions for thermogenesis

53
Q

Immunosuppression

A

A reduction of the activation of the immune system

54
Q

Cytokine storm

A

Unresolved inflammation

55
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Occurs when the inflammatory stimulus is not resolved and continual activation of the inflammatory response results

56
Q

Endometritis

A

Inflammation of the uterine endometrium

57
Q

BRDC

A

‘Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex’
A disease caused by viral and bacterial pathogens along with environmental risk factors.
Causes of mortality in feedlot cattle

58
Q

Effects of stress on immune system

A

Reduced NK cell activity
Reduced lymphocytes
Decreased helper/suppressor ratio
Decreased antibodies
Reactivation of latent viruses
Modulate cytokines
Dysregulation of immune function
Delayed wound healing
Impaired vaccine repsonses
Cancer

59
Q

Strategies of viruses

A

Antigenic variation
Expression of MHC molecules to subvert immune response
Infecting & hiding cells - HIV in CD4+

60
Q

Strategies of bacteria

A

Infecting & hiding cells
Production of toxins to inhibit phagocytosis
Encapsulation to prevent killing
Catalase release to inactivate hydrogen peroxide
Impair antigen presentation

61
Q

Strategies of fungi

A

Produce a polysaccharide capsule to prevent opsonisation
Delays T cell killing
Can escape phagosome formation

62
Q

Strategies of parasites

A

Antigenic variation to disguise themselves

63
Q

Prion

A

A misfolded protein with a disrupted domain. New shape is hydrophobic and causes the mutant protein to stick to other proteins
Causes cell death and a ‘spongy’ appearance (holes in tissue)
eg. Scrapie in sheep, BSE in cattle

64
Q

Father of Immunology

A

Edward Jenner

65
Q

Vaccine components

A

Antigen + Adjuvant = Vaccine

66
Q

Types of vaccine

A

Whole pathogen vaccines (live attenuated or killed (inactivated))
Pathogen fragment (subunit vaccine - eg. a viral or bacterial protein or RNA) eg. COVID vaccine

67
Q

Gaston Ramon

A

French vet
Discovered vaccine adjuvants

68
Q

DIVA

A

‘Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals’
AKA a marker vaccine. Has artificial parts added to a vaccine which will not show up with natural infection

69
Q

Adjuvant

A

Activates the innate immune response to generate a greater response and thereby memory. Aim is to activate the IIR and both arms of the AIR for optimal protection

70
Q

GIT

A

Gastrointestinal tract

71
Q

% of antibiotics used on factory farms

A

80%

72
Q

3 P’s of defence

A

Phagocytosis
Protease cascades
Production of AMPs

73
Q

Opsonisation

A

An immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes

74
Q

AMP

A

‘Anti-Microbial Peptides’
A class of small peptides that are an important part of the innate immune system of different organisms.
Host defence peptides

75
Q

Primary Lymph Organ

A

They create special immune cells called lymphocytes.
Bone marrow & thymus

76
Q

Primary lymph organ in humans

A

Red bone marrow

77
Q

Where do lymph cells originate from?

A

Stem cells in the bone marrow

78
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

79
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Spleen

80
Q

Location of B area on lymph node

A

Lymphoid follicles

81
Q

Location of T area on lymph node

A

Paracortex

82
Q

3 functions of the lymphatic system

A

Removes excess fluid from body tissue
Absorbs fatty acids and transport of fat, chyle, to circulatory system
Produces immune cells

83
Q

Mucosal sites

A

Eyes, nose, mouth, mammary gland, reproductive tract, respiratory tract

84
Q

Molecular components of immune system

A

Innate immune molecules -> cytokines, chemokines & complement proteins

85
Q

Innate Immunity

A

The body’s first line of defence against foreign molecules entering the body
Detection
Set up chain reaction
Binding of DNA
Secretion – process always the same

86
Q

4 steps how regulatory cells regulate

A

Suppress proliferation of other CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and thereby suppress cytokine production (especially IL-2 production) & effector activities such as CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity
Tregs downregulate T cell co-stimulatory molecules
Tregs killer responder T cells by a granzyme-dependent or perforin-dependent mechanism
Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-10 & TGF-B

87
Q

No. of monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in cows

A

o Monocytes – 400/uL
o Neutrophils – 1500/uL
o Lymphocytes – 5000/uL

88
Q

Ligand

A

Something that binds with a biological molecule to form a complex and produce some effect

89
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulf foreign bodies by extending its cytoplasm in pseudopods surrounding the foreign particle and forming a vacuole

90
Q

Type of innate immune proteins

A

Complement, acute phase proteins, cytokines, chemokines, AMPs, perforin, granzyme

91
Q

Oral mucosa

A

Has a stratified squamous epithelium. It is the lining or ‘skin’ inside of the mouth including cheeks and lips.
3 types – lining, masticatory & specialised

92
Q

Intestinal mucosa

A

Peyer’s patch is present in the mucus membrane of the small intestine

93
Q

MS function

A

‘Mucosal system’
Prevents inappropriate immune reactions to food antigens or the commensal flora and is responsible for guarding a vast surface area against pathogens

94
Q

Epithelial cell function

A

secreting mucus, sensing and responding to invasion, combatting pathogens, communication with immune cells, restoring homeostasis, & regeneration

95
Q

Tight junction function

A

Maintain the cellular polarity and the establishment of compositionally distinct fluid compartments in the body
Surround the upper part of the lateral surfaces of the adjacent epithelial cells to create fusion points

96
Q

How long do neutrophils live for?

A

6hours

97
Q

Johnes Disease

A

Similar to TB caused by bacteria called MAP. Infectious disease. MAP survives pasteurisation – problem for industry (baby food)

98
Q

Specialised epithelial tissue examples

A

Paneth cells, M cells, glandular epithelium (tissue)

99
Q

Paneth cell function

A

Secrete AMPs and immunomodulating proteins
Regulate the composition of intestinal flora

100
Q

Examples of sites in the body that are immune priveleged

A

Eye, brain, pregnant uterus, ovary & testis, adrenal cortex, hair follicles, hamster cheek pouch, certain tumours

101
Q

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

Interferon-tau -> antiviral molecule (stops cow from cycling)

102
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

Process by which stem cells proliferate and differentiate into all cellular components of the blood

103
Q

High levels of cortisol during birth =

A

Causes stress

104
Q

Niche

A

The role an organism plays in a community

105
Q

Lymphatic nodules

A

Bundles of lymphatic cells located in the mucus membranes that line the gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts.
Eg. tonsils, adenoids & Peyer’s patches

106
Q

Lymph

A

Formed when the interstitial fluid is collected through tiny lymph capillaries. Transported through lymph vessels & nodes that clean & filter. Flows onto the lymphatic ducts and empties into the right/left subclavian vein & mixes back with blood

107
Q

Deficiency of Calcium

A

Eucalcaemia

108
Q

DAMPs

A

‘Damage Associated Molecular Patterns’

109
Q

IL-10

A

Deactivates

110
Q

IL-1

A

Switches everything on

111
Q

3 pillars

A

Human, animal, and environmental health

112
Q

DTH

A

‘Delayed Type Hypersensitivity’
TB testing, after 72 hrs

113
Q

Antibody

A

Y-shaped molecule

3rd Yr Sping (4 decks)

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