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3rd Yr Sping > Equine MCQs > Flashcards

Equine MCQs Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of poor perineal conformation

A

b. Sunken anus
c. Tilted vulval lips
d. Low pelvis

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2
Q

correct anatomical sequence for the mare’s reproductive tract

A

b. Vulva, vagina, uterus, ovary

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3
Q

A mare has a perineal slant of 30o from vertical. Her vulva is 10cm, 70% lies below the pelvis. Caslick’s index?

A

10 x 30% = 3
3 x 30o = 90

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4
Q
  1. Unfertilised ova remain in which of the following regions of the mare’s reproductive tract?
A

c. Ampulla

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5
Q
  1. Which portion of the broad ligament supports the mare’s fallopian tubes?
A

a. Mesosalpinx

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6
Q
  1. At what stage during folliculogenesis is the second polar body formed?
A

b. At fertilisation

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7
Q
  1. Follicle Recruitment, Emergence, and Dominance relies on response to which hormone?
A

b. FSH

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8
Q
  1. During which months of the year are most mares in anoestrus?
A

Dec, Jan, Feb

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9
Q
  1. The daily rhythm of which hormone regulates mare seasonality?
A

c. Melatonin

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10
Q
  1. Which of the following is the rate limiting enzyme in the production of the hormone melatonin?
A

b. N-acetyltransferase

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11
Q
  1. What hormone enhances the mare’s immunological response during oestrus?
A

a. Oestrogen

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12
Q
  1. Which anatomical feature forms the only seal protecting the internal genital tract during oestrous?
A

a. Vagina

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13
Q
  1. Mares prefer the sexier voices of fertile stallions.
    True or False
A

True

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14
Q
  1. Which of the following is an example of an Infradian rhythm?
A

c. 21-day oestrous cycle

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15
Q
  1. Which oestrous cycle hormone is not fully inhibited by high progesterone concentrations?
A

a. FSH

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16
Q
  1. Progesterone is produced by what cell type in the mare?
A

d. Theca cells

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17
Q
  1. What is the biological basis for the Long-Day signal in the mare that stimulates reproductive activity?
A

a. The absence of melatonin 10h post dusk

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18
Q
  1. The transition period of the mare can be shortened using light therapy. True or False?
A

b. False (can be enhanced and brought forward but not shortened)

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19
Q
  1. What hormone enhances the mare’s immunological response during oestrus?
A

a. Oestrogen

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20
Q
  1. By how much do the mare’s follicles increase in diameter per day during oestrus?
A

d. 3mm

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21
Q
  1. What type of light best mimics natural daylight to suppress melatonin?
A

Blue

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22
Q
  1. What intensity of blue light can be delivered to one eye to optimally suppress melatonin in the horse?
A

c. 50 lux of blue light

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23
Q

What is influenced by day length signals perceived by the mare?

A

Gestation length
Foal hair coat
Timing of post-foaling ovulation

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24
Q
  1. What is considered to be the most reliable single criterion for prediction of ovulation?
A

b. Diameter of follicle

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25
Q
  1. Luteolysis is caused by the production of PGF2α by the pituitary gland. True or false
A

False

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26
Q
  1. What is the average size of follicle that Thoroughbred mares ovulate?
A

40mm

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27
Q

What are commonly seen changes in the pre-ovulatory follicle close to ovulation?

A

Becomes more pear shaped
Loss of vascularity in the apex closest to ovulation fossa
Presence of echogenic particles on ultrasound

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28
Q
  1. Maternal recognition of pregnancy relies on the suppression of which hormone?
A

b. PGF2α

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29
Q
  1. Equine conceptus mobility lasts until what day of gestation?
A

18

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30
Q
  1. Which is the most reliable indicator of imminent parturition?
A

b. Waxing of teats

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31
Q
  1. On day 60 of gestation, what is the main source of progestogen in the mare?
A

d. Secondary corpora lutea

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32
Q
  1. Which of the following hormones is not directly involved in the initiation of parturition?
A

a. Prolactin

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33
Q
  1. What initiates Stage 2 of parturition?
A

c. Rupture of allantochorion

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34
Q
  1. How long should stage 2 of parturition last in a normal foaling?
A

a. 20 mins

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35
Q
  1. The circadian rhythm of which hormone is thought to regulate timing of foaling?
A

d. Oxytocin

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36
Q
  1. Which hormone prevents premature myometrial contractions in late gestation?
A

c. Progestogen

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37
Q
  1. According to Rossdale (1992), giving ACTH to foetuses in utero resulted in:
A

c. Premature parturition

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38
Q
  1. Pressure of foal against the cervix causes neural stimulation of which hormone?
A

Oxytocin

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39
Q

List the 3 unique features of equine pregnancy control

A

a. Long period of conceptus mobility
b. Production of eCG
c. Two populations of CLs

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40
Q
  1. Mares generally tend to foal during daylight hours. True or False
A

False

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41
Q
  1. Pre-season swabs of stallions are taken from the urethral fossa. Which organism is responsible for CEM?
A

b. Taylorella equigenitalia

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42
Q

Components involved in thermoregulation of the stallion testes

A

a. Cremaster muscle
b. Tunica dartos
c. Pampiniform plexus

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43
Q

correct order for the stages of spermatogenesis?

A

d. Spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, spermiogenesis, Spermiation

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44
Q
  1. Which part of the sperm cell fuses with the vitelline membrane at fertilisation?
A

a. Equatorial segment

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45
Q
  1. According to Pickett (1989), what month of the year corresponds with the highest daily spermatazoal production (DSP)?
A

June

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46
Q
  1. In a mature breeding stallion, what rate-limiting factor dictates the number of mares covered per day?
A

c. Libido

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47
Q

What influences the photoperiod in the stallion?

A

b. Reaction time to the mare
c. Testicular diameter
d. Semen volume

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48
Q
  1. Production of testosterone by what other organ results in male characteristics in geldings?
A

c. Adrenal glands

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49
Q
  1. Which accessory gland contributes to the gel portion of semen?
A

d. Vesicular glands

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50
Q
  1. Two daily injections of what hormone for 7 days resulted in growth of follicles >35mm in deep anoestrous mares?
A

c. Equine Recombinant FSH

51
Q
  1. A double injection of what hormone, delivered 12-16 days apart, is highly effective at synchronising oestrus?
A

a. PGF2α

52
Q

Normal characteristics in the newborn foal

A

Presence of feet feathers
Respiratory rate 20-40 bpm
Temp. 37.2-38.9oC
Nurse 6-8 times/hr

53
Q
  1. Good colostrum has a specific gravity of…?
A

b. >1.060

54
Q
  1. What is the most common cause of colic in the equine neonate?
A

b. Meconium impaction

55
Q
  1. What would be your first concern on observing a ‘red bag’?
A

c. Oxygen deprivation to the foal

56
Q

Signs of dysmaturity in neonates?

A

a. Immature respiratory system
b. Floppy ears
c. Low lung surfactant

57
Q
  1. What is the initial primary treatment for a neonate with severe diarrhoea regardless of cause?
A

c. IV fluid

58
Q
  1. What part of the sperm fuses with the egg?
A

a. Sperm cells head

59
Q
  1. Which accessory gland produces a milky fluid?
A

a. Prostate

60
Q
  1. What is the correct sequence of flow for sperm cells?
A

a. Spermatogenesis, Maturation, Ejaculation, Mixing with seminal fluid, Passage through urethra

61
Q
  1. Which gland does sperm pass through?
A

a. Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

62
Q
  1. What hormone is involved in causing release of testosterone?
A

a. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

63
Q
  1. What hormone does inhibin have an effect on?
A

a. Produced by Sertoli cells and acts to inhibit FSH secretion from the pituitary gland

64
Q
  1. What parturition hormone is found to cause abortion?
A

a. PGF2α

65
Q
  1. What is the most common method to induce parturition?
A

a. Oxytocin(most common), corticosteroids, progesterone, prostaglandins

66
Q
  1. What hormone is associated with short cycling?
A

a. PGF2α

67
Q
  1. What hormone is given during an oestrous for follicle growth?
A

a. GnRH

68
Q
  1. What does dopamine inhibit?
A

a. Secretion of prolactin GnRH

69
Q
  1. What is the mares gestation length?
A

a. 345 days (315-365) days

70
Q
  1. What is the capacity of a neonates stomach?
A

a. Stomach comfortably holds 500 ml

71
Q
  1. What iodine is recommend to disinfect the navel?
A

a. 2% chlorhexidine (1 part 0.5% solution 3 parts sterile water) Povidone iodine does not disinfect adequately

72
Q
  1. What is considered a premature foal?
A

a. <320 days

73
Q
  1. If a mare prematurely lactates what does this indicate?
A

a. Premature lactation -> didn’t ingest adequate amts, inadequate IgG content, insufficient absorption

74
Q
  1. What blood groups are associated with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
A

a. Red blood cells/Aa or Qa RBC type

75
Q
  1. What organism causes botulism?
A

a. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism

76
Q
  1. What is the primary female sex organ?
A

a. Ovary

77
Q
  1. What are the 2 main function of testis?
A

a. Sperm production and Hormone production

78
Q
  1. What hormone is high during diestrus?
A

a. Progesterone

79
Q
  1. What is the function of eCG in mares?
A

a. Luteinisation of secondary CLs during early pregnancy

80
Q
  1. Does spermatogenesis involve meiosis or mitosis?
A

a. Meiosis

81
Q
  1. What occurs during spermiation?
A

a. Release of sperm from Sertoli cells into the lumen and onto the epididymis

82
Q
  1. What does the acrosome reaction involve?
A

a. Fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane and plasma membrane

83
Q
  1. Where is the only location on the ovary ovulation can occur?
A

a. Ovulation fossa

84
Q
  1. What hormone does primary follicle depend on?
A

a. FSH

85
Q
  1. Which common disease of neonatal is associated with brain dysfunction?
A

a. Dummy Foal

86
Q
  1. A foal with signs of teeth grinding, salivation and rolling on its back are signs of what common disease?
A

a. Gastroduodenal ulceration

87
Q
  1. What organism causes tyzzers disease?
A

a. Clostridium piliformis

88
Q
  1. What is a shuttle stallion?
A

a TB stallion that shuttles between the northern and southern hemispheres to serve as a breeding stallion in both regions during their respective breeding seasons

89
Q
  1. List 4 ways infections are introduced:
A

a. Faeces, retained placenta, trauma, dystocia

90
Q
  1. Where should a stallion be swabbed?
A

a. Urethral fossa

91
Q
  1. What is a common cause of reproductive failure?
A

a. Aging, seasonality, nutrition, obesity, environmental conditions

92
Q
  1. What uterine infection is associated with abortions?
A

a. EVA

93
Q
  1. Name 4 breeding systems
A

a. AI, ET, OPU, ICSI

94
Q
  1. What 3 nutrients make seminal fluid?
A

a. Potassium, citric acid (pH buffers), and gel (vaginal plug)

95
Q
  1. What enzyme is required for conversion of cholesterol to P4?
A

a. Aromatase

96
Q
  1. When does ovulation occur?
A

a. 24-48hrs after onset of oestrus

97
Q
  1. What does a high, dry, tight, white cervix suggest?
A

a. Anoestrus

98
Q
  1. What does a relaxed muscle in cervix suggest?
A

a. Oestrus

99
Q
  1. When is eCG produced?
A

a. Day 35-40 marks the appearance of endometrial cups

100
Q
  1. What is the dominant follicle called?
A

a. Graafian follicle

101
Q
  1. Where does the embryo develop?
A

a. Uterine horn

102
Q
  1. What hormone is released on day 14 if no embryo is present?
A

a. PGF2α

103
Q
  1. What day of gestation can pregnancy be confirmed?
A

a. Day 14

104
Q
  1. How can you achieve consistent ovulation results?
A

a. Combining light therapy (6-8 weeks min) with progesterone supplementation (10 days) followed by PGF2α injection

105
Q
  1. What is the function of the blood testis barrier?
A

a. Protecting sperm from immunological rejection

106
Q
  1. List 3 glands in order that sperm passes by them
A

a. Vesicular glands, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

107
Q
  1. Which breed can’t be AI?
A

a. Thoroughbred

108
Q
  1. What weight is a full term foal?
A

a. 45-50kg

109
Q
  1. What 3 internal exams should vet carry out on mares?
A

a. Initial exam, subsequent exam (monitor changes, predict/induce ovulation), post-breeding exam

110
Q
  1. What are the main causes of weight loss in mares?
A

a. Undernutrition, dental issues, parasites, disease/illness, stress, pain, reproduction issues, old age

111
Q
  1. What 2 veneral diseases are notifiable?
A

a. Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) and Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)

112
Q
  1. What swabs are used for veneral diseases?
A

a. CEM swabbing, +/- endometrial swab, +/- bloods EIA/EVA

113
Q
  1. Where does fertilisation occur?
A

a. Ampulla

114
Q
  1. In response to foetal stress, what hormone is released first?
A

a. Cortisol

115
Q
  1. What stage does the water bag break?
A

a. Stage 2

116
Q
  1. Where is PGF2a produced?
A

a. Synthesised and released by the endometrium (lining of uterus)

117
Q
  1. Acceptable range of motile sperm for AI dose?
A

a. 500 million progressively motile sperm (greater than 65%)

118
Q
  1. Optimal temperature range for AV?
A

a. 44-50oC

119
Q
  1. What is Haemophilos Equigenitalis now known as?
A

a. Taylorella equigenitalis

120
Q
  1. What gives agar for growing CEMO the chocolate colour?
A

a. Addition of heated blood

121
Q
  1. Reasons for using AI in breeding mares?
A

a. Health & safety (physical, infectious, ‘stress’), increases stallion choice, improved fertility

122
Q
  1. Where is genital tubule located in fillies?
A

a. Urogenital region

123
Q
  1. Equine conceptus mobility reliable indirect of imminent parturition. True or false
A

False

3rd Yr Sping (4 decks)

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