Physiology I Flashcards
What major cations are most abundant in the extracellular fluid?
Na
What major cations are most abundant in the intracellular fluid?
K
What major anions are most abundant in the extracellular fluid?
Cl
What major anions are most abundant in the intracellular fluid?
PO4, organic anions
Which of the following would have to be a transmembrane protein?
A. A receptor protein
B. A protein binding to the cytoskeleton
C. A channel protein
D. A phosphorylase
C. a channel protein
Which of the following organelles is directly associated with the synthesis of proteins for secretion?
A. mitochondria B. golgi apparatus C. nucleus D. rough endoplasmic reticulum E. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. rough endoplasmic reticulum
Pits coated with which of the following are often associated with endocytosis?
A. Clathrin B. COPI C. COPII D. Coatamers E. Vinculin
A. Clathrin
Which of the following processes does not require the presence of mitochondria?
A. Oxidative Phosphorylation
B. Production of carbon dioxide and whater
C. Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
D. Electron transfer between cytochromes
E. Utilization of oxygen as a final electron receptor
C. Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy other than kinetic energy?
A. osmosis
B. diffusion
C. active transport
D. facilitated diffusion
C. active transport
Of the following ions, which is most concentrated in the extracellular environments?
A. sodium
B. potassium
C. chloride
D. calcium
A. sodium
potassium is the most concentrated outside
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport?
A. diffusion
B. primary active transport
C. secondary active transport
D. facilitated diffusion
B. primary active transport
The sodium-glucose pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport?
A. diffusion
B. primary active transport
C. secondary active transport
D. facilitated diffusion
C. secondary active transport
The sodium-calcium pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport?
A. diffusion
B. primary active transport
C. secondary active transport
D. facilitated diffusion
C. secondary active transport
Glucose transporters (GLUT transporters) employ which of the following kinds of transport?
A. diffusion
B. primary active transport
C. secondary active transport
D. facilitated diffusion
D. facilitated diffusion
Which of the following mechanisms would most likely be used to move water from an extracellular environment across an epithelial cell layer into an extracellular environment on the opposite side of the epithelial layer?
A. sodium channels and sodium ATPase pumps
B. calcium channels and sodium ATPase pumps
C. calcium channels and calcium ATPase pumps
D. sodium channels and sodium ATPase pumps
A. sodium channels and sodium ATPase pumps
water follows the increase in sodium concentration
The action potential for both ventricular cardiomyocytes and a Purkinje fiber exhibit a plateau phase (phases 1 and 2). Conductance of which of the following ions is responsible for phase 0?
A. calcium ions
B. potassium ions
C. sodium ions
D. both potassium and calcium ions
C. sodium ions
Which of the following characteristics would be true of cardiac muscle cells but not skeletal muscle fibers?
A. cells have the sarcomeric banded pattern
B. cells utilize T-tubules
C. cells are mononucleated
D. cells utilize ryanodine channels
C. cells are mononucleated
The resting potential of -85 mv is characteristic of which of the following phases of the cardiac fast action potentials?
A. stage 1
B. stage 2
C. stage 3
D. stage 4
D. stage 4
The sodium-calcium exchanger in the sarcolemma of the cardiac muscle cell is an example of which of the following mechanisms?
A. primary active transport involving an antiporter
B. primary active transport involving a symporter
C. secondary active transport involving a symporter
D. secondary active transport involving an antiporter
D. secondary active transport involving an antiporter
Left ventricular isovolumic contraction occurs immediately following which of the following events?
A. closure of aortic valve
B. opening of aortic valve
C. closure of AV valve
D. opening of AV valve
C. closure of AV valve
Which of the following statements is true for the period of rapid ejection?
A. it occurs when the left ventricular pressure is above 80 mm Hg
B. the semilunar valves are closed during this phase
C. it occurs during the last two-thirds of ejection
D. it results in the ejection of about 90% of the total volume of blood
A. it occurs when the left ventricular pressure is above 80 mm Hg
Immediately prior to the ventricular isovolumic contraction, there is a slight but marked elevation in atrial pressure. Which of the following is responsible for this elevated pressure?
A. closure of the AV valve B. opening of the AV valve C. atrial contraction D. diastasis E. opening of the semilunar valve
C. atrial contraction
The Frank-Sterling law is based on which of the following principles?
A. the greater the stretching of cardiac muscle, the greater the force of contraction
B. the more calcium returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the greater the force of contraction
C. the amount of blood received by each tissue is directly related to the immediate needs of that tissue
D. the faster the heart rate, the more likely that the period of diastasis will be eliminated
A. the greater the stretching of the cardiac muscle, the greater the force of the contraction
Stroke volume output can be increased by which of the following mechanisms?
A. Decreasing EDV
B. Increasing EDV
C. Increasing ESV
D. By decreasing EDV and increasing ESV
B. increasing EDV