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Comprehensive Review > Molecular Review (Zaidi) > Flashcards

Molecular Review (Zaidi) Flashcards

1
Q

Gated, Transmembrane, and Vesicular Transport

A

Gated - between nucleus and cytosol (active transport and free diffusion)

Transmembrane - from cytosol across organelle membrane (protein translocators)

Vesicular - between various compartments via vesicles (membrane-enclosed transport)

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2
Q

Protein Sorting Signals

A
  • on N or C terminus or within protein sequence
  • signals both necessary and sufficient for protein targeting
  • recognized by complimentary receptors
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3
Q

Nuclear Transport

A
  • bidirectional, selective, gated

- sorting signals = nuclear localization sequence (lysine/arginine-rich)

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4
Q

Nuclear Import and Export

A
  1. Import - Ran-GDP dissociates from receptor; receptors binds with cargo, and passes through NPC
  2. Export - Ran-GTP binds to receptor; receptors bind cargo, pass through NPC, cargo and Ran-GDP dissociate
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5
Q

Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Translocators

A
  1. TOM complex

2. SAM complex

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6
Q

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Translocators

A
  1. TIM22 complex
  2. TIM23 complex
  3. OXA
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7
Q

TOM Complex

A
  • required for import of ALL nuclear encoded proteins

- inserts them in Outer Membrane

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8
Q

TIM 22 and 23

A

22 - mediates insertion of specific subclass of proteins

23 - transports soluble proteins into matrix and helps insert membrane proteins in inner membrane

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9
Q

SAM Complex

A

translocates and inserts/folds beta barrel proteins in OUTER membrane

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10
Q

OXA Complex

A

insertion of all proteins synthesized IN MITOCHONDRIA

  • also some proteins already present in matrix brought from outside
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11
Q

Ribosomes to ER membrane

A
  • SRP binds to signal sequence of growing peptide
  • pauses translation and binds to SRP receptor
  • protein translation continues into translocator
  • SRP dissociates and recycles
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12
Q

Rab and SNARE in vesicle targeting

A

Rab proteins - direct vesicles to specific spots on target membrane

SNARE - mediate fusion of vesicle with membrane

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13
Q

MP6 and lysosomal hydrolases

A
  • receptors in TGN recognize mannose-6-phosphate (attached to lysosomal hydrolases in CGN)
  • packaged into clathrin-coated vesicles, which are delivered into endosomes and then to lysosomes
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14
Q

Pellets in Centrifugation

A
  • low speed pellet = whole cells, nuclei, cytoskeletons
  • medium speed pellet = mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes
  • high speed pellet = microsomes, small vesicles
  • very high speed pellet = ribosomes, viruses, large macromolecules
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15
Q

Ion-Exchange, Gel-Filtration, and Affinity Chromotography

A

Ion - charged beads attract molecules of certain charge

Gel - small molecules trapped in porous beads

Affinity - beads with covalently attached substrate bind certain enzymes

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16
Q

3 Restriction Endonucleases (HaeIII, EcoRI, HindIII)

A

HaeIII - cuts between G and C

EcoRI - cuts between G and A

HindIII - cuts between A and A

17
Q

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

A
  • different than SDS-PAGE (DNA is already CHARGED)
18
Q

How can genes be cloned?

A
  • by using bacteria

- insert clone segment into circular, DS plasmid vector

19
Q

Homologous proteins are functionally what?

A

INTERCHANGEABLE

20
Q

Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

A

Ectoderm - precursor of nervous system and epidermis

Endoderm - precursor of gut, lung, liver

Mesoderm - precursor of muscles and CT

21
Q

Gastrulation

A

transformation of blastula, a hollow sphere of cells, into a layered structure with a gut

22
Q

What makes one organism different from another?

A

non-coding DNA sequences

  • coding sequences in DNA similar in most organisms
23
Q

Cell Fates (determined, completely undetermined, committed)

A

Determined - fated to develop into specialized cell type DESPITE changes in environment

Undetermined - cells that rapidly change due to alterations in environment

Committed - cells have some attributes of particular cell type but can change with environment

24
Q

What are the most important environmental cues?

A

signals from neighboring cells

INDUCTIVE SIGNALING = induction of different developmental program in select cells in a homogonous group leading to altered character

25
Q

morphogen

A
  • long range inductive signal that imposes pattern on a field of cells
  • exert graded effects by forming gradients of different concentrations (may direct target cells into different developmental pathway)
26
Q

3 phases of neural development

A

Phase I - different cell types develop independently at widely separate locations

Phase II - axons/dendrites grow along routes, setting up provisional but orderly networks of connection

Phase III - connections adjusted and refined through interactions with distant regions

27
Q

CNS and PNS development

A

CNS - from neural tube (brain, spinal cord, retina)

PNS - neural crest (nerves, sensory neurons)

28
Q

Radial Glial Cells

A

what neurons travel on

  • older neurons are closer to layers of cortical neurons (closer to origin)
29
Q

Growth Cones

A
  • behavior dictated by cytoskeletal machinery
  • throw out filopodia and lamelopodia
  • Rho/Rac (GTPases) control assembly/disassembly of actin filaments, controlling movement of growth cone
30
Q

Growth Cone Migration

A
  • travel towards targets along PREDICTABLE ROUTES

- sense extracellular matrix environment and chemotactic factors

31
Q

Netrin, Slit, Semaphorin

A

Netrin - attractor

Slit/Semaphorin - repellants

32
Q

Neurotrophic Factors

A
  • axonal growth cone reaches target
  • signals from target tissue regulate which growth cones synapse and where
  • produce limited amount of specific neurotrophic factors needed for survival (those that do not get enough die)
33
Q

Synaptic Remodeling rules that create spatial order

A
  1. axons from different regions compete for tectal neurons

2. axons from neighboring sites excited at the same time collaborate and strengthen synapses with tectal neurons

34
Q

Characteristics of Stem Cells

A
  • not terminally differentiated
  • can divide without limit
  • renew themselves
  • slow division, ability to remain stem cell or become differentiated
35
Q

Totipotency, Pluripotency, Multipotency

A

Totipotency - cell gives rise to all cells of organism (Zygote)

Pluripotency - cell gives rise to all cells of embryo and adult tissues (embryonic stem cell)

Multipotency - cell gives rise to different cells types of given lineage (adult stem cells)

36
Q

Skin Layers (outer to inner)

A
  1. squame - flakes
  2. keratinized squames
  3. granular cell layer (waterproof barrier)
  4. prickle cell layer
  5. basal cell layer (only dividing cells in epidermis)
  6. basal lamina
37
Q

Renewal of Epidermis

A
  • self-renewing process
  • stem cells provide indefinite supply of fresh differentiated cells
  • basal layer has stem cells
38
Q

Somatic Nuclear Transfer (SCeNT)

A
  • nucleus taken from somatic cell of patient and injected into oocyte of donor replacing the oocyte nucleus
  • blastocyst generated from this hybrid oocyte and ES cells isolated

Comprehensive Review (7 decks)

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