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FoM > Physiology + Homeostasis > Flashcards

Physiology + Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Pulse (heart rate)

A

Adult normal resting HR 60-100 beats/min

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2
Q

Blood pressure - not really considered a vital sign

A

The force of the blood pushing against the artery walls during contraction and relaxation of the heart

mmHg

HIGHER NUMBER = SYSTOLIC
- when heart contracts
LOWER NUMBER = DIASTOLIC
- artery pressure when heart in diastole, when ventricles are relaxing and refilling

USE SPHYGMOMANOMETER at the brachial artery of the arm

NORMAL RANGE - 120/80
HYPERTENSION
- fear, stress, excitement, kidney disease e.g. stenosis(narrowing) of renal artery
- diseases arising: atherosclerosis, heart failure, cerebral haemorrhae, kidney failure
- DRUGS: thiazide diuretics / calcium-channel blockers / ACE inhibitors / beta blockers

HYPOTENSION
- lowest during sleep
- pregnancy, endocrine problems
- nutritional deficiency

ELEVATED - 120-129/ less than 80
STAGE 1: 130-139/ 80-89
STAGE 2: 140 and hugher / 90 and higher

https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_678204_smxx.pdf

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3
Q

Respiratory Rate - rate of breathing

A

adult normal resting RR 12-20 breaths/min
- count how many times the chest rises

increases with fever + illness + asthma + anxiety + pneumonia + congestive heart failure

Dyspnoea – difficult, laboured breathing
* Tachypnoea – rapid breathing
* Apnoea – temporary absence of breathing
* Kussmaul’s – increased rate and depth, with long
grunting expirations – lobar pneumonia/DKA
* Stridor – a harsh, high-pitched noise on inspiration –
obstruction

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4
Q

Oxygen Saturation

A

normal >96%

nail polish removed – absorbs light and gives false reading
oximeters use light absorptice charactersitics of haemoglobin and the pulsating nature of blood flow in the arteries to measure the level of oxygen in the body

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5
Q

Consciousness

A

ACVPU (alert, confusion, verbal, pain, unresponsive)

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6
Q

Capillary refill time

A

normal <2 seconds

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7
Q

phrenic nerve innervates

A

diaphragm + intercostal muscles

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8
Q

respiratory centre of the brain

A

pons + medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Systolic arterial Blood pressure

A

Oressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta when the heart contracts

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10
Q

Blood pressure

A

outwards (hydrostatic) pressure exerted by the blood on blood vessel walls —– in clinical practice we often measure the systemic arterial blood pressure and express it as SYSTOLIC + DIASTOLIC blood pressures

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11
Q

systemic systolic arterial blood pressure + NORMAL RANGE

A

the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries WHEN THE HEART CONTRACTS

90-120 mmHg

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12
Q

systemic Diastolic arterial blood pressure + NORMAL RANGE

A

the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries WHEN THE HEART RELAXES

60-80 mmHg

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13
Q

Hypertension + RANGE

A

clinical blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher ++ daytime average of 135/85 mmHg or higher

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14
Q

Pulse pressure + NORAML RANGE

A

difference btween systolic + diastolic blood pressures

30-50 mmHg

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15
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) + FORMULA + range

A

the average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves contraction and relaxation of the heart

MAP = ((2 x diastolic) + systolic) / 3
or
MAP= DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure

70-105 mmHg
at least 60mmHg needed to perfuse vital organ e.g. brain, heart, kidneys

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16
Q

Temperature
taken either
- axillary ( tend to be lower than thsoe temp taken by mouth)
- by ear (ear drum temp, reflects body’s core temp - internal organs)
- skin on forehead

A
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17
Q

pulse rate = measure of heart rate

A

indicates
1. heart rhythm
2. strength of pulse

NORAMAL RANGE = 60-100 bpm
-> Females ages 12 and older, in general, tend to have faster heart rates than do males.
-> Athletes, such as runners, who do a lot of cardiovascular conditioning, may have heart rates near 40 beats per minute and experience no problems

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18
Q

SYMPTOMS for hypertension

A

dizziness / lightheadedness
lack of concentration
blurred vision
fatigue

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19
Q

symptoms for hypotension

A

headache
short of breath
chest pain
tachycardia

20
Q

Normal resting heart rate

A

70 bpm
60-100 bpm

21
Q

intrinsic heart rate

A

100 bpm
vagus nerve (parasympathetic supply to the heart) exerts a continuous influence on the SA node under resting conditions, slowing down the intrinsic heart rate from 100 to produce a normal resting heart rate of 70

22
Q

Ach + HEART (parasympathetic) + vagus nerve supplying BOTH the SA node and AV node —–> increasing AV NODAL DELAY + slowing down heart rate

acts on which type of receptors?

impact on
-> pacemaker potential slope
-> what is it called

A

muscarinic M2 Receptors (GPCR)

-> slope of pacemaker potential decreases

-> negative chronotropic effect

AFFECTING THE RATE

23
Q

Noradernaline + sympathetic nerves on the heart supplying
- yes, SA and AV nodes
- ALSO the myocardium

  1. affecting 1+2
  2. acting on receptors x
A
  1. affecting RATE + FORCE of contraction
    - increases rate of firing from SA node + decreases AV nodal delay
    - increases force of contraction
  2. b1 adrenoceptors

slope of pacemaker potential increases
- positive chronotropic effect, speeding HR

24
Q

2 ways of calculating MAP (actually 3)
Normal range

A
  1. (2x diastolic) + systolic /all divided by 3
  2. Diastolic + 1/3 difference between systolic and distolic (pulse pressure)
  3. CO x systemic vascular resistance (stroke volume x heart rate x systemic vascular resistance) — systemic vascular resistance = total peripheral resistance
    70-105 mm Hg
25
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped by EACH VENTRICLE of the heart PER MINUTE
= SV x HR

26
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood pumped by EACH VENTRICLE of the heart PER HEART BEAT

27
Q

Systolic volume calculation

A

End diastolic volume (maximum filling of the ventricles) - end systolic volume (blood remaining in ventricles after contraction)

End diastolic determines cardiac preload (diastolic length/stretch of myocardial fibers)
End diastolic volume is determined by the venous return

28
Q

Afterload

A

Resistance into which the heart is pumping

29
Q

systemic vascular resistance

A

sum of resistance of all vasculature in the systemic cirulation
= TOTAL PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE (TPR)

30
Q

Bradychardia numbers

A

Resting heart rate less than 60 bpm

31
Q

Tachychardia numbers

A

Restin heart rate more than 100 bpmo

32
Q

Normal resting heart rate

A

60-100 bpm

33
Q

total duration of 1 cardiac cycle
duration of diastole
duration of systole

A

0.8 sec
0.5 sec
0.3 sec

34
Q

palpitations

A

the feeling that your heart is beating too quickly or not regularly: He ended up in hospital with heart palpitations.

35
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

a heart condition that causes an irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate.

36
Q

Giant cell arthrtitis

A

temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory disease affecting the large blood vessels of the scalp, neck and arms. Inflammation causes a narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels, which interrupts blood flow.

37
Q

Total body fluids equation

A

2/3 intracellular + 1/3 extracellular fluid (ECF)

38
Q

ECF equation (extracellular fluid volume) ECFV

  1. -> what affects ECFV?
  2. -> what regulates ECFV?
A

Plasma Volume (PV) + Interstitial Fluid Volume (IFV), liquis bathing the cells

if plasma voluem falls, compenstatory mechanisms shifts fluid from the interstitical compartment to the plasma compartment

  1. -> water excess/deficit
    -> Na+ excess/deficit
    (water and salt balance)
  2. -> RAAS, rening angiotensin aldosterone system
    NPs, natriuretic peptides
    ADH, antidiuretic Hormone (arginin vasopressin)
39
Q
A
40
Q

Regularly irreguar pulse

A
41
Q

Ireegularly irregular pulse

A
42
Q

normal arterial blood pressure

A

<140 systolic
<90 diastolic

43
Q

Postural (Orthostatic) Hypotension positive result

A

indicated by a drop within 3 minutes of standing from lying position
- systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg ( with/without symptoms)

  • diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mmHg (with symptoms)
44
Q

symptoms for Postural (Orthostatic) Hypotension

A

may include thsoe of cerebral hypoperfusion e.g.
- lightheadedness
- dizziness
- blurred vision
- faintness
- falls

45
Q

risk factors for Postural (Orthostatic) Hypotension

A
  • age
  • medications
  • diseases e.g. diabetes/parkinsosns
  • reduced intravascular volume (not taking enough fluids)
  • prolonged bed rest
46
Q

Postural (Orthostatic) Hypotension

A

failrue of baroreceptor resposnes to gravitaional shifts in blood, when moving from horizontal to vertical position

important to moment-to-moment regualtion of arterial blood pressure inclduing prevention of postural changes

47
Q
A

FoM (14 decks)

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