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MRCS Part A > Physiology::GI > Flashcards

Physiology::GI Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone that causes contraction and relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi

A

Cholecystokinin
- It affects the secretion of pancreatic juice
- Released from I -Cells of the duodenum

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2
Q

Primary function of Kupffer cells in the Liver

A

Recycling of old RBCs

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3
Q

Wher does protein synthesis in liver occur?

A

Hepatocytes

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4
Q

Where is mucus secreted?

A

Goblet cells found in the epithelium of the respiratory system, small and large intestine and upper eyelid

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5
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?

A

Hepatic stellate cells ad fat tissues
(Vit A, D, E, K)

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6
Q

What releases pepsinogen released?

A

Chief cells

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7
Q

What activates pepsinogen?

A

Acid pH and pre-existing pepsin
Pepsinogen is released in the stomach by Chief cells

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8
Q

Gastric acid secretion is stimulated by ?

A

Gastrin
- Released by antral g-cells found in the gastric pits

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9
Q

What inhibits gastric acid secretion?

A

Somatostatin

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10
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the S-Cells in the doudenum?

A

Secretin
- Infulences release of the pancreatic enzymes by increasing the rate if bicabinate synthesis.

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11
Q

Cells that secretes intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

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12
Q

Which part is calcium absorbed?

A

Proximal jejunum

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13
Q

What are Langerhans’ cells?

A

They are tissue-resident macrophages

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14
Q

Function of Insulin

A
  • Released by b cells of Langerhans in pancreas
  • Stimulation of glucose and potassium intake
  • Glycogen synthesis in liver and muscles
    inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • increased amino acid uptake
  • Decreased lipolysis and prteolysis
    -Increased lipid synthesis
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15
Q

Function of secretin

A

Secreted by S cells in the duodenum
- It increases the release od bicarbonate from duodenum and release of bile from the GB
Stimulates pepsin secretion from the stomach and insulin release from the pancreas
Inhibits gastrin release and gastric acid secretion

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16
Q

Where is Sodium absorbed?

A

Colon

17
Q

Amino acids absorption ?

A

Small intestine

18
Q

Bile acids absorption

A

Ileum

19
Q

What reduced gastric blood flow?

A

Vasopressin

20
Q

2 hormones that control secretion of pancreatic juice?

A

Cholecystokinin
Secretin

21
Q

Where is Iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum

21
Q

Colon absorbs?

A

Sodium and water

21
Q

Caecum absorbs?

A

Sodium and potassium

22
Q

Nervous regulation in the GI tract

A
  • Intrinsic
  • Extrinsic

INTRINSIC:
Found on the wall of the GI tract -
- Auerbach’s plexus, lies between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers- Motor function
- Meissner’s plexus(Submucosal) , Sensory

EXTRINSIC:
- Sympathetic: Stimulation leads to
* Blood vessels: Vasoconstriction
* Glandular tissue: inhibits secretion
* Sphincters: Contraction
* Circular muscle of bowel: Inhibots
- Parasympathetic: Opp.

23
Q

Saliva secretion in glands

A
  1. Parotid: watery secretion 25% of secretion, contains salivary amylase and IgA
  2. Submandibular: viscous saliva, 70% of secretion
  3. Sublingual: 5%
24
Q

Pressure of oesophageal sphincter

A

15-25 mmhg

25
Q

Factors that assist in preventing reflux

A
  • Right crus of the diaphragm
  • acute angle at whch oesophagus enters stomach acts as a valve
  • mucosal folds of the oesophagus
  • its vagal control, gastrin causes contraction
26
Q

Glucagon

A

Antagonist to insulin
released by Alpha cells f the Islets of Langerhans
Stimulated by :
- low blood glucose
- increased cathecolamines
- inceased amino acids
- sympathetic nervous system
- Acetylcholine
- Cholecystokinin

Inhibited by:
- Somatostatin
- Insulin
- Increased fatty acids and keto acids
- Increased urea

27
Q

Vomiting centre

A

Medulla oblongata

28
Q

Events during vomiting

A
  • respiration is inhibited
  • larynx closes, soft palate rises
  • pyloric shincter relaxes, duodenum contracts,
  • diaphragm and abdominal wall contracts- intragastric press. rises
  • gastro-oeso[hageal sphincter relaxes, pylorus closes
29
Q

Causes of vomiting

A
  • Stimulation of posterior oropharynx
  • excessive distension of stomach or duodenum
  • severe pain
  • increased ICP
  • stimulation of chemoreceptors trigger zone by chemicals
  • bacterial irritation of UGI tract
  • Inferior MI
  • Ears- labyrinthitis
  • Glaucoma
  • Hyperemesis
  • infections
30
Q

Secretory cells of Gasteic mucosa

A
  1. Mucus: Secretes mucus, HCO3
  2. Peptic/Chief cells: Secretes pepsinogen
  3. Parietal/Oxyntic cells: Secretes HCl and Intrinsic factor, Ca, Na, MG
  4. neuroendocrine cells: peptides and gastrin
31
Q

Regulation of Gastric secretion

A
32
Q
A

MRCS Part A (14 decks)

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