Physiology (General) Flashcards
*Normal values of a blood gas analyser
• temperature: 37°C
• pH: 7.35–7.45
• PCO2: 4.6–5.8kPa (35–44 mmHg)
• PO2: 10–13kPa (75–100 mmHg)
• HCO3− (actual): 22–28 mmol/L
• total CO2: 24–28 mmol/L
• standard bicarbonate: 22–26 mmol/L
• base excess: −2 to +2 mmol/L
• standard base excess: −3 to +3 mmol/L
• O2 saturation: >95%
• Hb: 11.5–15.5 g/dL
*Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis in combination
rare, but may occur when over-ventilating a patient with chronic respiratory acidosis. As the patient is already of metabolic alkalosis and after over ventilation will become of respiratory alkalosis but as acute so no change of metabolic state
*Respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis may occur together in:
• adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• cardiac failure
• cardiorespiratory arrest.
*Mixed Acid–Base Disorder, a combination of a metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis may occur in:
• renal failure
• sepsis
• septic shock.
As the two acid–base disorders tend to cancel one another out, the disturbance in H+ is usually small
*Ventilatory pattern in head injury
Hypo/Hyper ventilation (how???)
*Differ COPD and ARDS
C -airway disease
A -alveolar disease
*Differ COPD and ARDS
C -airway disease
A -alveolar disease
Offline
Acidosis
Hypoxia
Low base excess (<-2)
Low bicarbonate
—cause?
Metabolic acidosis
What is used to test clotting times in people taking warfarin
INR
PT test
How it’s performed
A health professional takes a blood sample, usually from a vein in the arm, and adds it to a test tube containing liquid sodium citrate. The blood is then centrifuged to separate the plasma, and a sample of the plasma is placed in a measuring test tube. Calcium and tissue factor are then added to the sample, and the time it takes to clot is measured.
