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A&P 105 > Physiology Final > Flashcards

Physiology Final Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy is study of ?; Physiology is the study of ?

A

Structure; Function

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2
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Failure of homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organism

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4
Q

Name all the life processes.

A

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction

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5
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The steadystate

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6
Q

What is extracellular fluid made up of

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid; surrounds chemical composition

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of homeostasis

A

Feedforward (made in anticipation of change) and feedback (after change is detected)

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8
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Opposes initial change

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9
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Amplifies initial change (ex. contractions)

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10
Q

Parts of negative feedback

A

Sensor/receptor (change detected), control center (activates the effector), effector (changes back to normal)

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11
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic controls

A

local controls within organ vs controls outside organ (nervous and endocrine system)

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12
Q

Is fever good or bad

A

Good!!!! (negative feedback)

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13
Q

What chemicals make up 96% of body composition?

A

CHON

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14
Q

Parts of an atom?

A

nucleus, protons(+), neutrons(0) , electrons(-), electron shell

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15
Q

atom #?

A

atomic element

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16
Q

mass #?

A

P+N

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17
Q

atomic mass

A

P+N+E

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18
Q

isotope

A

same element, different #

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19
Q

radioactive isotope

A

unstable, decays over time into different element

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20
Q

halflife

A

time for half of atoms to decay into another form

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21
Q

ionization

A

ion produced by gain or loss of electrons

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22
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms that share electron

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23
Q

free radical

A

atom with unpaired electron in outer shell, unstable

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24
Q

acid

A

H+, one or more anions, proton donor

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25
Q

base

A

OH-, one or more cations, proton acceptor

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26
Q

Cation

A

ionic bond; + charge

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27
Q

Anion

A

ionic bond; - charge

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28
Q

Covalent bond

A

sharing of electrons

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29
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

helps cohesion

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30
Q

solvent vs solute

A

solvent dissolves solute

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31
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving; polar

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32
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing; nonpolar

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33
Q

pH

A

Neutral=7; acidic= <7; basic= >7

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34
Q

kinetic energy

A

matter in motion

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35
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored by matter

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36
Q

enzymes/catalysts

A

very specific; can speed up chemical reactions by increasing frequency of collision, lowering activation energy, and orienting molecules properly (needs less activation energy)

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37
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

anabolism; A+B=AB

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38
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

catabolism; AB= A+B

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39
Q

Exchange reaction

A

AB+CD=AD+CB

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40
Q

Reversible reaction

A

AC=A+C

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41
Q

inorganic vs organic

A

lacks carbon vs always have carbon and often times hydrogen; always have covalent bonds

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42
Q

solution

A

has solute and solvent

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43
Q

colloid

A

similar to solution; larger particles can scatter light (milk)

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44
Q

suspension

A

will eventually settle out (blood)

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45
Q

Protein organization

A

primary- kind, #, amino acid order
secondary- folding into specific shape; alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
tertiary- more coiling and folding; globular proteins
quaternary- 2 or more separate poly peptide chain; hemoglobin

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46
Q

purine

A

A or G

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47
Q

pyrimidine

A

C or T (replaced by U in RNA)

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48
Q

isomers

A

same molecular formula, different structure

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49
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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50
Q

Cells in epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells

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51
Q

Skin pigments

A

Hemoglobin (red pigments in red blood cells), Melanin, Carotene (yellow/orange color)

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52
Q

Albinism

A

complete/partial absence of pigment

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53
Q

Vitiligo

A

Depigmentation patches

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54
Q

Skin glands

A

Sebaceous(oil) glands- connected to hair follicles
Eccrine Sweat glands- most numerous
Apocrine Sweat glands- hairy areas
Ceruminous glands- ear canal

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55
Q

Skin functions

A

Thermoregulation(sweat + blood flow to dermis), blood reservoir(8-10% of total blood flow), protection, cutaneous sensation(tactile, thermal, pain), excretion+ absorption, synthesis of Vitamin D

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56
Q

Rule of 9’s

A

estimates surface area of adult affected by burn

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57
Q

How many degrees of burns

A

3

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58
Q

Phospholipid

A

Head (polar, hydrophilic) (Choline,Phosphate,Glycerol); Tail (nonpolar, hydrophobic) (Fatty acid)

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59
Q

ion channel

A

integral; allows ions to pass through bilayer

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60
Q

transporter protein

A

integral; changes shape to transport specific substances across membrane

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61
Q

receptor

A

integral; recognizes specific ligand and alters cells function somehow

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62
Q

enzyme

A

integral and peripheral; catalyzes reaction in or out of cell

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63
Q

cell identity marker

A

glycoprotein; distinguishes your cell from anyone else’s (not twins). Ex is MHC proteins (major histocompatibility)

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64
Q

linker

A

integral and peripheral; anchors filaments in and out plasma membrane for structural stability and shape, can also link 2 cells together

65
Q

permeability determined by

A

size, solubility, charge, carriers

66
Q

active transport primary

A

energy from atp changes shape of transporter protein to pump substance across concentration gradient (Na-K pump)

67
Q

active transport secondary

A

energy stored is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradient (Na+ or H+)

68
Q

antiporters

A

2 substances in opposite directions

69
Q

symporters

A

2 substances in same direction

70
Q

pm permeability: pass easy

A

water (unique), gases, small fat soluble molecules

71
Q

pm permeability: eh

A

charged ions (k+ na+)

72
Q

pm permeability: dont pass

A

large water soluble molecules (need diffusion to pass)

73
Q

isotonic
hypotonic
hypertonic

A

equal
cell swell
cell shrink

74
Q

endocytosis

A

materials move into cell in vesicle

75
Q

exocytosis

A

contents from vesicle released into extracellular fluid

76
Q

transcytosis

A

combo of exo and endo cytosis

77
Q

cell structure break

78
Q

transcription

A

first step, information is copied onto mRNA, in nucleus

79
Q

translation

A

second step, reading mRNA to determine amino acid sequence of newly formed protein, out of nucleus

80
Q

chromosomes

A

made of genes that are made of DNA

81
Q

mitosis

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 TOTAL
homolog- 2 chromosomes that make up pair
somatic cells have 2 sets of chromosomes- diploid

82
Q

interphase

A

no division
G1- 8-10 hrs
S phase- 8 hrs
G2- 4-6 hrs

83
Q

mitotic phase

A

period of division
PMAT
1 hour

84
Q

prophase

A

chromatid fibers which change to chromosomes

85
Q

metaphase

A

centromeres align to middle

86
Q

anaphase

A

go back apart

87
Q

telophase

A

nucleus forms around the two different chromosomes

88
Q

3 cell destinies

A
  1. remain alive no division
  2. grow and divide
  3. die
89
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, hemotopeosis, storage

90
Q

extracellular matrix in bone

A

15% water, 30% collagen, 55% mineral salt

91
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells

92
Q

osteoblasts

93
Q

osteoclasts

A

remodel and calcium release

94
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cell

95
Q

compact vs spongy bone

A

protect and support vs lightweight and tissue support

96
Q

articular cartilage made of

A

hyaline cartilage

97
Q

periosteum made of

A

osteoblasts

98
Q

medullary cavity contains

A

yellow bone marrow

99
Q

endosteum made of

A

lines medullary cavity, made of osteoclasts and blasts and connective tissue

100
Q

ossification (osteogenesis)

A

-bone formation; 4 situations: fetal development, before adulthood, remodel, fracture healing

101
Q

intramembranous vs endochondral

A

in flatbones when CT membrane is replaced by bone vs replaces cartilage w/ bone in embryo/ fetus; also in epiphyseal line

102
Q

reactive phase

A

early inflammatory phase; 6-8 hours after injury

103
Q

reparative phase

A

formation of fibrocartilagous callus first then bony callus second; few weeks

104
Q

bone remodeling phase

A

bony callus remodeled; several months

105
Q

open compound

A

through skin

106
Q

closed simple

A

does not go through skin

107
Q

comminuted

A

crushed bone into tiny pieces

108
Q

greenstick

A

one side bends

109
Q

impacted

A

one side goes into other

110
Q

pott

A

fibula break

111
Q

colles

A

radius break

112
Q

vitamin A

A

stimulates osteoblasts

113
Q

vitamin c

A

synthesis of collagen

114
Q

vitamind D

A

healthy bones

115
Q

k and b12

116
Q

hyposecretion in kids

A

pitutary dwarfism

117
Q

hypersecretion in kids

118
Q

hypersecretion in adults

A

acromeagaly

119
Q

skeletal tissue

A

striated and voluntary

120
Q

cardiac

A

striated and involuntary

121
Q

smooth (visceral)

A

non-striated and involuntary

122
Q

muscle tissue function

A

movement, stabilization, regulating organ volumes, substance movement, thermogenesis

123
Q

excitability

A

respond to chemical released from nerve cells

124
Q

conductivity

A

propagate electrical signals over membrane

125
Q

contractibility

A

ability to shorten and generate force

126
Q

extensibility

A

stretch without tissue damage

127
Q

elasticity

A

return to original shape after being stretched

128
Q

contractile protein

A

myosin and actin

129
Q

regulatory protein

A

troponin and tropomyosin; activate contraction

130
Q

structural protein

A

titin, myomesin, nebulin, dystrophin; proper alignment and elasticity and extensibility

131
Q

thick filament

A

held by m line; myosin

132
Q

thin filament

A

myosin binding site covered by tropomyosin in relaxed state; actin, troponin, tropomyosin

133
Q

titin

A

anchors myosin to m line and z disc; recovery of muscle from stretching

134
Q

little force is produced when

A

cell is too stretched or cell is too short; resting length = 70-130%

135
Q

isometric

A

no movement

136
Q

isotonic

A

movement; concentric= muscle shortened to produce force ; eccentric= muscle lengthened to maintain force

137
Q

3 sources of atp production in muscle tissue

A

creatine phospate, anaerobic, aerobic

138
Q

creatine phosphate (CP)

A

3-6X more plentiful than ATP, 10-15 seconds

139
Q

Anaerobic

A

atp from glycolysis, 30-40 seconds of activity

140
Q

aerobic

A

need O2, more than 30 seconds

141
Q

Latent period of twitch contraction

142
Q

contraction period of twitch contraction

A

10-100 msec, filaments slide

143
Q

relaxation period of twitch contraction

A

10-100 msec

144
Q

refractory period of twitch contraction

A

no muscle response

145
Q

wave summination

A

second stimulus increases strength of contraction before relaxation

146
Q

red muscle fiber vs white

A

more myglobin, mitochondria, blood supply vs white

147
Q

cardiac vs skeletal

A

more sarcoplasm and mitochondria, autorhythmitary, contractions 10-15X longer, need more O2, aerobic vs skeletal

148
Q

atrophy

A

muscle wasting away

149
Q

hypertrophy

A

muscle enlargement

150
Q

types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

slow oxidative(slow twitch)= red, prolonged contraction, maintain posture
oxidative glycolytic fibers (fast twitch A)= red, walking and sprinting
fast glycolytic fibers (fast twitch B)= white, short duration like weight lifiting

151
Q

smooth can regenerate

A

hypertrophy= cells grow in size
hyperplasia= cells divide (uterus)
only anaerobic

152
Q

cardiac cannot regenerate

A

scar formation (fibrosis)

153
Q

muscle soreness

A

12-48 hrs after

154
Q

rigor mortis

A

3-4 hrs after death for 24 hrs long

155
Q

first lever

156
Q

second lever

A

advantage for force

157
Q

third lever

A

most common; favor speed and ROM

158
Q

agonist

A

prime mover; causes desired movement

A&P 105 (3 decks)

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