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Physiology > Physiology Exam Review #1 > Flashcards

Physiology Exam Review #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Negative Feedback Loops

A

Receptors detect change in the body and send the information to the Integrating center which will assess change around a set point and send instructions to the Effector (muscle or glands) which makes the appropriate adjustments to counter the change from the set-point

Moves in the opposite direction from the change
Makes the change from the set-point smaller
Reverses the change in the set-point
A continuous process, always making fine adjustments

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2
Q

Explain Positive Feedback Loop

A

The end product in a process stimulates the process
The action amplifies the changes that stimulated the effectors
Positive feedback could not work alone, but does contribute to many negative feedback loops
Forming a blood clot is a process of positive feedback loop
Strength of uterine contractions is regulated by positive feedback loop

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3
Q
  • For this to occur, the membrane must be selectively permeable
  • There must be a difference in the concentration of a solute on the two sides of the membrane
  • Water moves from higher concentration to lower concentration
  • Diffusion of solvent instead of solute
A

Osmosis

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4
Q
  • Found in the kidneys, eyes, lungs, salivary glands, and the brain
  • Specific proteins present in the plasma membrane that serve as water channels and permit osmosis
A

Aquaporins

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5
Q

permit the passage of ions

A

ion channels

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6
Q

Ions that are osmotically active

A

polar molecules
glucose
ions

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7
Q

does not require energy and moves from higher to lower concentration

A

passive transport

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8
Q

requires the expenditure of energy and sometimes cells need to move molecules against their concentration gradient (lower to higher concentration)

A

active transport

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9
Q
  • Attached to bones
  • Makes up 40% of body weight
  • Responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture, respiratory movements
  • voluntary
  • striated
A

skeletal muscle

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10
Q
  • in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands, uterus, and skin
  • propel urine, mix food in digestive tract, dilating/constricting pupils
  • regulating blood flow
  • no sarcomeres (non-striated)
A

Smooth muscle

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11
Q
  • striated
  • myosin and actin filaments form sarcomeres
  • fibers are short, branched, and connected via gap junctions
A

Cardiac muscle

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12
Q

plasma membrane of skeletal muscles

A

sarcolemma

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13
Q

Light bands are also known as

A

I bands

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14
Q

Dark bands are also known as

A

A bands

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15
Q

dark lines in the middle of the I bands

A

Z disks

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16
Q

site where a motor neuron connects to a muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

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17
Q

postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber

A

motor end plate

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18
Q

contains only thin filaments, primarily of the protein actin

A

I bands

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19
Q

contains all of the thick filament with some thin filament overlap; thick filament is the protein myosin

A

A bands

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20
Q

center of the A band with no thin filament overlap

A

H band (H zone)

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21
Q

lines found in the center of each I band

A

Z discs

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22
Q

basic subunit of striated muscle contraction that runs from Z disc to Z disc

A

sarcomere

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23
Q

anchor which Actin is attached at

A

the Z discs

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24
Q

found in the center of the A band; helps hold myosin

A

M line

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25
Q

a protein that runs from the Z disc to the M line through center of myosin. Stabilizes it, prevents overstretch, and creates elasticity

A

titin

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26
Q

each somatic motor neuron, together with all of the muscle fibers that it innervates is known as a

A

motor unit

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27
Q

which motor units are used the most often

A

the smaller motor units

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28
Q

when contractions of greater strength are required, larger and larger motor units are activated in a process known as

A

recruitment of motor units

29
Q

Describe steps of Na+/K+ pump

A
  • found in all body cells and half of daily calories are utilized
  • 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
  • 3 Na+ from the cytoplasm move into the pump and bind
  • ATPase activated to hydrolyze ATP to ADP and P which blocks both openings
  • ADP released causing a shape change that allows 3 Na+ to exit pump to outside of cell
  • 1 K+ enter carrier from the outside, releasing P
  • Pumps returns to original shape and release 2 K+ to the inside
30
Q

Characteristics of resting membrane potential

A
  • resting potential of -70mV
  • established by large negative molecules inside the cell
  • sodium potassium pumps
  • limited permeability of the membrane to positively charged inorganic ions
  • at rest, high concentration of potassium inside the cell and sodium outside of the cell
31
Q

emergency situations; “fight or flight”

A

sympathetic nervous system

32
Q

normal functions; “rest and digest”

A

parasympathetic nervous system

33
Q

wraps of this cell make up the myelin sheath in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

34
Q

the myelin sheath is produced by these cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

35
Q

produces the myelin sheath but not a neurilemma ( no cytoplasm or organelles)

A

myelin sheath in CNS

36
Q

when the membrane potential inside the cell increases (becomes more positive). Positive ions enter the cell

A

depolarization

37
Q

a return to resting potential is called

A

repolarization

38
Q

when the membrane potential inside the cell decreases (becomes more negative). When positive K+ leave the cell or negative Cl- ions enter the cell.

A

hyperpolarization

39
Q

depolarization of the cell is called

A

excitatory

40
Q

hyperpolarization is called

A

inhibitory

41
Q

ICF

A

intracellular fluid

42
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid

43
Q

the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food

A

aerobic respiration

44
Q

the type of respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen

A

anaerobic respiration

45
Q

Also called slow oxidative; slower contraction speed; sustain contraction for long periods without fatigue; rich capillary supply; more mitochondria; more myoglobin

A

slow twitch

46
Q

faster contraction speed; fatigue fast; thick and fewer capillaries; fewer mitochondria and less myoglobin. Can metabolize anaerobically and found in stronger muscles

A

fast twitch

47
Q

a protein found in striated muscles and supplies oxygen to the cells

A

myoglobin

48
Q

ADP is combined with P from this using this

A

Phosphocreatine

49
Q
  • modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium when muscle is at rest
  • when a muscle fiber is stimulated, calcium diffuses out of the calcium release channels
  • at the end of a contraction, calcium is actively pumped back in this
A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

Explain sliding filament theory

A
  • produced by several cross bridges that form between myosin and actin
  • myosin head serves as myosin ATPase enzyme, splitting ATP into ADP+P. Allows the head to bind to actin when the muscle is stimulated.
  • release of P cocks the myosin head, producing a power stroke that pulls the thin filament toward the center
  • After power stroke, ADP is released and a new ATP binds
  • myosin head straightens out and rebinds
  • 2 ATP are needed for each stroke
51
Q

general structure of neurons include:

A

a cell body, dendrite, and an axon

52
Q

contains the nucleus, Nissl bodies, and other organelles; cluster in groups called nuclei in the CNS and ganglia in the PNS

A

cell body

53
Q

receive impulses and conducts a graded impulse toward the cell body

A

dendrites

54
Q

conducts action potentials away from the cell body

A

axon

55
Q

the functional connection between a neuron and the cell it is signaling

A

synapses

56
Q

if one neuron is signaling another neuron, the first is called the

A

presynaptic neuron

57
Q

supportive cell that forms the myelin sheath around peripheral axons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

58
Q

support cell bodies within the ganglia of the PNS

A

satellite cells

59
Q

form myelin sheath around the axons of CNS neurons

A

oligodendrocytes

60
Q

migrate around CNS tissue and phagocytize foreign and degenerated material

A

microglia

61
Q

most abundant glial cell. Have extensions (perivascular feet) that contact blood capillaries and stimulate them to form a seal called the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

62
Q

line the ventricles central canal of the spinal cord and secrete cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS

A

ependymal cells

63
Q

positively charged ion

A

cation

64
Q

negatively charged ion

A

anion

65
Q

period after an action potential when the neuron cannot become excited again

A

refractory period

66
Q

occurs during the action potential. Na+ channels are inactive

A

absolute refractory period

67
Q

when K+ channels are still open. Only a very strong stimulus can overcome this.

A

relative refractory period

68
Q

Process of saltatory conduction

A
  • myelin provides insulation, improving the speed of cable properties
  • Nodes of Ranvier allow Na+ and K+ to cross the membrane every 1 to 2 mm
  • Na+ ion channels are concentrated at the nodes
  • action potentials leap from node to node

Physiology (6 decks)

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