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Physiology and pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between skeletal muscle and the other two types?

A

Skeletal is under voluntary control

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2
Q

The motor-neurones supplying skeletal muscle ar myelinated/non-myelinated

A

Myelinated

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3
Q

The cell bodies of neurones innervating skeletal muscle are located in the ______ and _______

A

Spinal cord

Brain stem

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4
Q

The motor neurone axon divides into many myelinated/unmyelinated branches near the muscle

A

Unmyelinated

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5
Q

Each branch of the motor neurone supplies multiple fibres - true/false

A

False - single muscle fibres

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6
Q

The neurone and the number of fibres it supplies is the same throughout the body - true/false

A

False - it is highly variable

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7
Q

define a motor unit

A

One alpha motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres it supplies

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8
Q

How does the neurone:fibre ratio vary with precision and strength

A

Neurone:fibre ratio is less when needing more precision; more precision, less fibres per neurone
it is higher in strength but therefore has less precision - more strength, more fibres innervated by one alpha neurone

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9
Q

Each branch of an alpha motor neurone then further divide to give fine branches ending in a _____ ______

A

terminal bouton

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10
Q

The terminal bouton forms a chemical synapse - true/false

A

True

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11
Q

What is the transmitter substance in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What receptor does acetylcholine activate in the sarcolemma at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

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13
Q

Cell body can be located in the ____ ____ of the spinal cord of the brain stem

A

ventral horn

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14
Q

The alpha neurones can have a very long axon, ranging up to approximately ____meter in length

A

one meter

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15
Q

The very fine branch of the neurone spreads out to form the terminal bouton - true/false

A

True

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16
Q

The terminal bouton contains many/few mitochondria

A

Many

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17
Q

The terminal bouton contains lots of _______ containing _______

A

Vesicles containing acetylcholine

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18
Q

The vesicles are concentrated in which part of the bouton?

A

Near to the areas they are released from

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19
Q

the synaptic cleft in a muscle is very large/small to facilitate very rapid twitch

A

Small (20-50nm)

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20
Q

What is a junctional fold?

A

A fold in the sarcolemma immediately below the presynaptic membrane which contain the nicotinic ACh receptors

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21
Q

The junctional folds are arranged in what way?

A

They are arranged so that the nicotinic receptors are facing the areas of maximum ACh release.

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22
Q

For every action potential that passes through the presynaptic membrane there may or may not be a muscle twitch - true or false

A

False - if an action potential reaches the synapse, it will always invoke a muscle contraction - always

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23
Q

Acetylcholine is formed from choline and acetate. How is the choline taken up by the presynaptic membrane?

A

Via a choline-sodium transporter - using the sodium electrochemical gradient energy

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24
Q

What enzyme combines choline and acetate?

A

Choline-acetyl-transferase

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25
Where is the acetate group taken from?
Acetyl Co-A produced in the mitochondria
26
What channels are opened by the action potential?
Voltage activated calcium channels
27
Calcium channels opening can stimulate release of vesicles in itself true/false
True - they are clustered round the vesicles
28
The acetylcholine-containing vesicles can dock to the membrane, without fusing with it using proteins, this increases faster release. True/false
True
29
When ____ molecules of ACh bind to the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, the channel opens
2
30
the ACh receptor when open conducts sodium more effectively than potassium - true/false
False - they are equal
31
Sodium influx occurs faster than potassium efflux due to the relatively higher driving force - true/false
true
32
The higher efflux of sodium than potassium influx generates the end plate potential
False - the higher INflux of sodium than potassium EFflux generates the EPP
33
You can lose 30% of your ACh receptors in the postsynaptic membrane before experiencing any paralysis - true/false
False - you can lose up to 70-80% and still function reasonably well
34
The end plate potential stimulates contraction - true/false
False
35
The end plate potential triggers a muscle action potential - true/false
True
36
The muscle action potential does not stimulate contraction - true/false
False
37
A threshold end plate potential causes the opening of _____ ______ ______ channels.
Voltage-activated sodium channels
38
Normally one action potential in the motor neurone causes ____ muscle action potential(s) and twitch
1
39
How do drugs or toxins suppress muscle twitch?
they reduce the amplitude of the EPP so that it is below threshold, no muscle action potential can be generated
40
Name the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine into acetate and choline
Acetylcholinesterase
41
How efficient is acetylcholinesterase?
Extremely - some ACh is hydrolysed before reaching the post synaptic membrane
42
All transmission has been ceased within a few milliseconds via the action of AChE - true/false
True
43
Define pain
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
44
What is meant by pain being an "unpleasant sensory and emotional response..."
While pain is a sensory response it also has an emotional component; the same damage may cause less pain/more pain depending on your emotional status,
45
State the three types of pain
Nociceptive pain Inflammatory pain Pathological pain
46
Nociceptive pain is adaptive true/false
True
47
What is the purpose of nociceptive pain?
It is an unpleasant adaptive pain which is present to deter you from further injury.
48
Inflammatory pain is maladaptive - true/false
False - it is adaptive
49
Inflammatory pain exceeds the duration of the injury but completely resolves when the injury is completely resolved - true/false
True
50
Pathological pain is adaptive/maladaptive
Maladaptive
51
There is always a clear cause of pathological pain - true/false
False - it may arise out of the blue or outlast its cause.
52
is it easy to treat pathological pain? Why/why not?
No it is not easy to treat - it doesn't response well to common analgesics.
53
Nociceptors are specific receptors activated by intense stimuli including ______, ______ and _________ or noxious stimuli.
Chemical thermal Mechanical.
54
Where are nociceptor cell bodies located?
The sensory ganglia
55
Nociceptors are first order neurones which deliver the nervous impulse to the higher pain centres - true/false
False - they synapse with second order neurones which carry the impulse to the higher pain sensors.
56
Nociceptive pain is a warning system telling you to avoid this stimulus in future - true/false
True
57
Nociceptive pain is triggered by both minor and intense stimuli - true/false
False - only triggered by intense stimuli
58
Give 3 (of 4) stimuli that can provoke nociceptive pain
Severe mechanical stress Chemical irritants Extreme heat Extreme cold
59
Much of the voluntary system can be overridden by nociceptive pain to prevent further injury - true/false
True - nociceptive pain can cause an override in the voluntary system to cause you to, for example drop the pot that burned you
60
There is only a minor emotional response in nociceptive pain - true/false
False - there is a major emotional response in nociceptive pain.
61
What is the purpose of the emotional response in nociceptive pain?
It will inscribe a strong memory association with that stimulus and you'll be more careful to avoid it next time.
62
Inflammatory pain is adaptive and protective - true/false
True
63
the inflammatory pain response involves many cellular and humoral components of which system?
The immune system.
64
The inflammatory pain response causes _____ ______ to noxious stimuli
Pain hypersensitivity
65
What immune cells are already present in tissue when acute injury or infection occurs?
Mast cells
66
the purpose of inflammatory pain is to promote healing - how does it achieve this?
It immobilises the wound as you are reluctant to move it due to pain and discourages you from making contact with stimuli that may cause you pain.
67
If the pain seriously impacts on the patient's QOL we can prescribe which type of drug to alleviate it to some degree?
NSAIDs
68
Pathological pain is adaptive/maladaptive and serves a protective/no function.
Maladaptive | has no function
69
Pathological pain is often a disruption of function to ___ _______ ______
the nervous system
70
Pathological pain can be divided into two categories based on their cause - name and define each
Neuropathic pain - caused by previous nerve damage | Dysfunctional - it comes from any other injury
71
Neuropathic pain can be caused by lesions/strokes etc. true/false
True
72
Nociceptors are primary afferent/efferent neurones
Afferent
73
There are two type of nociceptor fibre - name them
Alpha-delta and C-fibres
74
Alpha-delta fibres are mechanical and thermal fibres which are unmyelinated
False - they are mechanical and thermal fibres but are myelinated.
75
Myelinated alpha-delta fibres conduct at what speed?
6-30m/s
76
Alpha delta fibres mediate first/secondary pain
First (fast) pain.
77
C-fibres are myelinated and can conduct at 0.5-10m/s
false - they are unmyelinated and conduct at 0.5-2m/s
78
C-fibres mediated first/secondary or fast/slow pain
Secondary | slow
79
First (fast) pain can be described as _____
Pricking, stabbing pain
80
Secondary (slow) pain can be described as ______
Burning, throbbing, cramping, aching
81
Thermal channels include a channel called ______ which is activated normal by temperatures of _______
TRPV1 | 43+ degrees
82
in the inflammatory pain response the TRPV1 channel becomes more/less sensitised to heat and increases/reduces the activating temperature
more sensitised | Reduces - below core body temperature

MSK (7 decks)

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