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MSK > Anatomy of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the lower limb extend from?

A

distal to the pelvis

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2
Q

Give three functions of the lower limb

A

Supporting body weight
Maintaining balance
Aiding locomotion

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3
Q

The lower limb is split into _ regions. Name them

A 
6. 
Gluteal
Femoral
knee
Leg 
Ankle
Foot
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4
Q

The gluteal region of the lower limb has an anterior aspect. True/false

A

False it only contains a posterior aspect. All other regions of the lower limb have a posterior and anterior aspect.

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5
Q

The gluteal region contains superficial, middle and deep muscle groups. True/False

A

False - contains deep and superficial - no middle groups.

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6
Q

name the four muscles of the superficial group of the gluteal region.

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

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7
Q

The superficial gluteal muscles are extensors, adductors and medial rotators of the thigh. True/false

A

False. they are extensors, ABductors and medial rotators of the thigh.

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8
Q

Gluteus maximus is innervated by the superior/inferior gluteal nerve.

A

Inferior

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9
Q

Gluteus medius and tensor fascia latae are innervated by the superior/inferior gluteal nerve.

A

Superior

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10
Q

What clinical sign is seen if there is damage to the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

Trendelenburg’s Gait

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11
Q

The deep groups of gluteus muscles has __ muscles.

A

4

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12
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the deep gluteus group of muscles.

A

Piriform, obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femorus.

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13
Q

the deep gluteus muscles are all lateral rotators of the thigh and hip stabilisers. True/false

A

True

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14
Q

The deep gluteal muscles are supplied by nerves from the lumbar plexus. True/false

A

False - supplied by the sacral plexus.

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15
Q

Nerves enter/exit the perineum through which two structures?

A

The greater and lesser sciatic foramen.

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16
Q

What separates the sciatic foramen into greater and lesser?

A

The sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

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17
Q

Why is the gluteal region used for injections?

A

There are plenty of muscles to inject into.

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18
Q

Injections should always be given into the _____ _____ quadrant. Why

A

Upper lateral/laterosuperior. There is the lowest risk of hitting a nerve or bone.

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19
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve arise?

A

L4-S3.

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20
Q

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body. True/false

A

true

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21
Q

The sciatic nerve innervates all the regions of the lower limb true/false.

A

False

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22
Q

What nerve is the principle supply for the perineum?

A

The pudenal nerve

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23
Q

The posterior cutaneous nerve supplies the skin of the posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, medial perineum and the upper thigh. True/false

A

False - it supplies the skin of the lateral perineum. the rest is true

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24
Q

The cutaneous nerve arises from _______

A

Vertebrae S1-S3

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25
Q

The sciatic nerve exits the perineum through the greater/lesser sciatic foramen and superior/inferior to the piriformis muscle

A

Greater foramen

Inferior to the piriformis muscle

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26
Q

the sciatic nerve has its own named artery - the sciatic artery. true/false

A

True

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27
Q

The sciatic nerve innervates all but the gluteal region of the lower limb. true/false

A

True

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28
Q

The Sciatic nerve passes down the anterior/posterior thigh

A

posterior

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29
Q

The Sciatic Nerve separates in the proximal/distal thigh to give the _____ and ______ nerves

A

Distal thigh

Common fibular and tibial nerves

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30
Q

What forms the superior boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

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31
Q

What forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

medial border of Sartorius

32
Q

What forms the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

lateral border of adductor longus.

33
Q

What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

iliopsoas and pectineus muscles

34
Q

The roof of the femoral triangle is formed from the superficial fascia - true/false?

A

False - formed from the deep fascia

35
Q

Deep fascia in the thigh has a special name - name it.

A

Fascia lata

36
Q

Put the structures in the femoral triangle in order from most lateral to most medial.

A 
Remember N.A.V.Y.
Nerve
Artery
Vein
lYmphatics
37
Q

Why does compartment syndrome occur?

A

Deep fascia forms closed compartments around muscle
Swelling or fluid (e.g. blood) causes increased pressure in compartment.
Compartment pressure exceeds perfusion pressures
Muscle and nerve ischaemia occurs.

38
Q

In acute compartment syndrome, what treatment is needed?

A

Emergency fasciotomy to relieve the pressure and restore normal blood flow.

39
Q

Which compartments are present in the thigh and leg?

A

Thigh - anterior/posterior/medial

Leg - anterior/posterior/later

40
Q

anterior thigh contains muscles that are mostly flexors and extensors of the thigh - true/false

A

true

41
Q

name all 4 muscles in the anterior thigh

A

pectineus
sartorius
iliopsoas (all flexors)
Quadriceps femoris

42
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Pectineus, sartorius, quadriceps all supplied by femoral nerve. Psoas major aspect of ileopsoas suppled by L1/2/3

43
Q

Where does the femoral nerve originate?

A

The femoral nerve originates in L2/3/4.

44
Q

The medial compartment of the thigh contains adductors and abductors of the thigh. True/false

A

True

45
Q

Adductors/abductors of the thigh include adductor longus, adductor bravis, adductor magnus, gracilis and obturator externis. True/false

A

True

46
Q

The muscle group in the medial compartment of the thigh are all supplied by the obturator nerve except for adductor bravis. True/false

A

False - all but the hamstring part of adductor magnus are supplied by the obturator nerve

47
Q

posterior compartment of the thigh contains extensors/flexors of the thigh and extensors/flexors of the leg - pick the correct option for each above.

A

Extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg.

48
Q

The muscles of the posterior thigh include _____, _____ and _____

A

Semitendinous
Semimembranous
Biceps femoris.

49
Q

The posterior thigh muscles are all innervated by the ______ except for which muscle?

A

The posterior thigh muscles are all innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve (arising from L5/S1/S2_ except for the short head of biceps femoris supplied by the common fibular division of the sciatic.

50
Q

the anterior leg contains muscles which carry out which movement?

A

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion and extensors of the toes.

51
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor halluces longus
fibulas tertius.

52
Q

All the muscles in the anterior leg are supplied by the common/superficial/deep fibular nerve

A

Deep

53
Q

The lateral compartment of the leg contains two muscles. these are ____ and ____. they allow _____ and ____.

A

The lateral compartment of the leg contains two muscles. these are fibularis longus and fibularis brevis. they allow weak plantar flexion and eversion/inversion of the foot

54
Q

The muscles of the lateral component of the leg are both supplied by the deep fibular nerve - True/false

A

False - supplied by the superficial fibular nerve.

55
Q

The posterior compartment of the leg contains 2 groups of muscles; these are the ____ and ____ groups.

A

The posterior compartment of the leg contains 2 groups of muscles; these are the deep and superficial groups.

56
Q

The superficial group of the posterior compartment in the leg involve dorsiflexion.

A

False - plantarflexion

57
Q

the superficial group in the posterior compartment of the leg contains three muscles - name them

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
plantaris

58
Q

the superficial group in the posterior compartment of the leg are all supplied by the tibial nerve - True/false

A

True

59
Q

The deep group of the posterior leg are flexors/extensors of the toes and dorsi-/plantarflexors.

A

The deep group of the posterior leg are flexors of the toes and dorsi-/plantarflexors.

60
Q

The deep group of the posterior leg include popliteus, extensor halluces longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior and all are supplied by the tibial nerve. True/False

A

False - all is correct except that it is flexor halluces longus not extensor.

61
Q

What are the ball and socket in the hip joint?

A

ball - head of femur

Socket - acetabulum

62
Q

Name all the movements the hip can carry out

A

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction circumduction

medial/lateral rotation

63
Q

Name three ligaments that spiral from the Pelvis to the hip joint. What is their purpose?

A

The iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments. Purpose; strengthen the hip joint

64
Q

the iliofemoral ligament is the weakest ligament in the body. True/false

A

False - it is one of, if not the, strongest

65
Q

Where does the blood supply for the hip joint come from?

A

The medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries arise from the deep branch of the femoral artery.

66
Q

name the three articulations of the knee joint

A

2x femerotibial

1x femeropatellar

67
Q

Classify the knee joint

A

Synovial hinge joint

68
Q

What motion is the knee joint capable of?

A

Mainly flexion/extension

Also slight medial/lateral rotation when the knee is flexed.

69
Q

The synovial joint of the knee has a stronger/weaker fibrous capsule than the hip

A

Weaker

70
Q

The synovial joint of the knee contains bursae - true/false

A

true

71
Q

Name the three categories of ligament in the knee

A

Extracapsular
intra-articular
Menisci

72
Q

Name the three extra capsular ligaments

A

patellar ligament
lateral collateral ligament
Medial collateral ligament

73
Q

The medial and lateral menisci are _____ shaped. they are _______ tendons.

A

Crescent shaped

They are fibre-cartilage tendons

74
Q

The anatomical name for the achilles tendon is _____

A

the calcanea tendon

75
Q

the achilles tendon is the thickest/thinnest and strongest/weakest tendon in the body

A

thickest strongest tendon in the body.

76
Q

How long is the calcaneal tendon?

A

approx 15cms

77
Q

Where does the achilles tendon originate and attach to? What is it involved in?

A

Composed of tendons from gastrocnemius and soleus.

Attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of calcaneus. It is involved in the ankle jerk reflex (plantar-flexion)

MSK (7 decks)

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