Anatomy of the Lower Limb

Question 1

Where does the lower limb extend from?

Answer 1

distal to the pelvis

Question 2

Give three functions of the lower limb

Answer 2

Supporting body weight
Maintaining balance
Aiding locomotion

Question 3

The lower limb is split into _ regions. Name them

Answer 3

6. 
Gluteal
Femoral
knee
Leg 
Ankle
Foot

Question 4

The gluteal region of the lower limb has an anterior aspect. True/false

Answer 4

False it only contains a posterior aspect. All other regions of the lower limb have a posterior and anterior aspect.

Question 5

The gluteal region contains superficial, middle and deep muscle groups. True/False

Answer 5

False - contains deep and superficial - no middle groups.

Question 6

name the four muscles of the superficial group of the gluteal region.

Answer 6

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

Question 7

The superficial gluteal muscles are extensors, adductors and medial rotators of the thigh. True/false

Answer 7

False. they are extensors, ABductors and medial rotators of the thigh.

Question 8

Gluteus maximus is innervated by the superior/inferior gluteal nerve.

Answer 8

Inferior

Question 9

Gluteus medius and tensor fascia latae are innervated by the superior/inferior gluteal nerve.

Answer 9

Superior

Question 10

What clinical sign is seen if there is damage to the inferior gluteal nerve?

Answer 10

Trendelenburg’s Gait

Question 11

The deep groups of gluteus muscles has __ muscles.

Answer 11

4

Question 12

Name the 4 muscles of the deep gluteus group of muscles.

Answer 12

Piriform, obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femorus.

Question 13

the deep gluteus muscles are all lateral rotators of the thigh and hip stabilisers. True/false

Answer 13

True

Question 14

The deep gluteal muscles are supplied by nerves from the lumbar plexus. True/false

Answer 14

False - supplied by the sacral plexus.

Question 15

Nerves enter/exit the perineum through which two structures?

Answer 15

The greater and lesser sciatic foramen.

Question 16

What separates the sciatic foramen into greater and lesser?

Answer 16

The sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

Question 17

Why is the gluteal region used for injections?

Answer 17

There are plenty of muscles to inject into.

Question 18

Injections should always be given into the _____ _____ quadrant. Why

Answer 18

Upper lateral/laterosuperior. There is the lowest risk of hitting a nerve or bone.

Question 19

Where does the sciatic nerve arise?

Answer 19

L4-S3.

Question 20

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body. True/false

Answer 20

true

Question 21

The sciatic nerve innervates all the regions of the lower limb true/false.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

What nerve is the principle supply for the perineum?

Answer 22

The pudenal nerve

Question 23

The posterior cutaneous nerve supplies the skin of the posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, medial perineum and the upper thigh. True/false

Answer 23

False - it supplies the skin of the lateral perineum. the rest is true

Question 24

The cutaneous nerve arises from _______

Answer 24

Vertebrae S1-S3

Question 25

The sciatic nerve exits the perineum through the greater/lesser sciatic foramen and superior/inferior to the piriformis muscle

Answer 25

Greater foramen | Inferior to the piriformis muscle

Question 26

the sciatic nerve has its own named artery - the sciatic artery. true/false

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The sciatic nerve innervates all but the gluteal region of the lower limb. true/false

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The Sciatic nerve passes down the anterior/posterior thigh

Answer 28

posterior

Question 29

The Sciatic Nerve separates in the proximal/distal thigh to give the _____ and ______ nerves

Answer 29

Distal thigh | Common fibular and tibial nerves

Question 30

What forms the superior boundary of the femoral triangle?

Answer 30

Inguinal ligament

Question 31

What forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

Answer 31

medial border of Sartorius

Question 32

What forms the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?

Answer 32

lateral border of adductor longus.

Question 33

What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

Answer 33

iliopsoas and pectineus muscles

Question 34

The roof of the femoral triangle is formed from the superficial fascia - true/false?

Answer 34

False - formed from the deep fascia

Question 35

Deep fascia in the thigh has a special name - name it.

Answer 35

Fascia lata

Question 36

Put the structures in the femoral triangle in order from most lateral to most medial.

Answer 36

``` Remember N.A.V.Y. Nerve Artery Vein lYmphatics ```

Question 37

Why does compartment syndrome occur?

Answer 37

Deep fascia forms closed compartments around muscle Swelling or fluid (e.g. blood) causes increased pressure in compartment. Compartment pressure exceeds perfusion pressures Muscle and nerve ischaemia occurs.

Question 38

In acute compartment syndrome, what treatment is needed?

Answer 38

Emergency fasciotomy to relieve the pressure and restore normal blood flow.

Question 39

Which compartments are present in the thigh and leg?

Answer 39

Thigh - anterior/posterior/medial | Leg - anterior/posterior/later

Question 40

anterior thigh contains muscles that are mostly flexors and extensors of the thigh - true/false

Answer 40

true

Question 41

name all 4 muscles in the anterior thigh

Answer 41

pectineus sartorius iliopsoas (all flexors) Quadriceps femoris

Question 42

What nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 42

Pectineus, sartorius, quadriceps all supplied by femoral nerve. Psoas major aspect of ileopsoas suppled by L1/2/3

Question 43

Where does the femoral nerve originate?

Answer 43

The femoral nerve originates in L2/3/4.

Question 44

The medial compartment of the thigh contains adductors and abductors of the thigh. True/false

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Adductors/abductors of the thigh include adductor longus, adductor bravis, adductor magnus, gracilis and obturator externis. True/false

Answer 45

True

Question 46

The muscle group in the medial compartment of the thigh are all supplied by the obturator nerve except for adductor bravis. True/false

Answer 46

False - all but the hamstring part of adductor magnus are supplied by the obturator nerve

Question 47

posterior compartment of the thigh contains extensors/flexors of the thigh and extensors/flexors of the leg - pick the correct option for each above.

Answer 47

Extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg.

Question 48

The muscles of the posterior thigh include _____, _____ and _____

Answer 48

Semitendinous Semimembranous Biceps femoris.

Question 49

The posterior thigh muscles are all innervated by the ______ except for which muscle?

Answer 49

The posterior thigh muscles are all innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve (arising from L5/S1/S2_ except for the short head of biceps femoris supplied by the common fibular division of the sciatic.

Question 50

the anterior leg contains muscles which carry out which movement?

Answer 50

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion and extensors of the toes.

Question 51

Name the muscles of the anterior leg

Answer 51

Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor halluces longus fibulas tertius.

Question 52

All the muscles in the anterior leg are supplied by the common/superficial/deep fibular nerve

Answer 52

Deep

Question 53

The lateral compartment of the leg contains two muscles. these are ____ and ____. they allow _____ and ____.

Answer 53

The lateral compartment of the leg contains two muscles. these are fibularis longus and fibularis brevis. they allow weak plantar flexion and eversion/inversion of the foot

Question 54

The muscles of the lateral component of the leg are both supplied by the deep fibular nerve - True/false

Answer 54

False - supplied by the superficial fibular nerve.

Question 55

The posterior compartment of the leg contains 2 groups of muscles; these are the ____ and ____ groups.

Answer 55

The posterior compartment of the leg contains 2 groups of muscles; these are the deep and superficial groups.

Question 56

The superficial group of the posterior compartment in the leg involve dorsiflexion.

Answer 56

False - plantarflexion

Question 57

the superficial group in the posterior compartment of the leg contains three muscles - name them

Answer 57

Gastrocnemius Soleus plantaris

Question 58

the superficial group in the posterior compartment of the leg are all supplied by the tibial nerve - True/false

Answer 58

True

Question 59

The deep group of the posterior leg are flexors/extensors of the toes and dorsi-/plantarflexors.

Answer 59

The deep group of the posterior leg are flexors of the toes and dorsi-/plantarflexors.

Question 60

The deep group of the posterior leg include popliteus, extensor halluces longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior and all are supplied by the tibial nerve. True/False

Answer 60

False - all is correct except that it is flexor halluces longus not extensor.

Question 61

What are the ball and socket in the hip joint?

Answer 61

ball - head of femur | Socket - acetabulum

Question 62

Name all the movements the hip can carry out

Answer 62

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction circumduction | medial/lateral rotation

Question 63

Name three ligaments that spiral from the Pelvis to the hip joint. What is their purpose?

Answer 63

The iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments. Purpose; strengthen the hip joint

Question 64

the iliofemoral ligament is the weakest ligament in the body. True/false

Answer 64

False - it is one of, if not the, strongest

Question 65

Where does the blood supply for the hip joint come from?

Answer 65

The medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries arise from the deep branch of the femoral artery.

Question 66

name the three articulations of the knee joint

Answer 66

2x femerotibial | 1x femeropatellar

Question 67

Classify the knee joint

Answer 67

Synovial hinge joint

Question 68

What motion is the knee joint capable of?

Answer 68

Mainly flexion/extension | Also slight medial/lateral rotation when the knee is flexed.

Question 69

The synovial joint of the knee has a stronger/weaker fibrous capsule than the hip

Answer 69

Weaker

Question 70

The synovial joint of the knee contains bursae - true/false

Answer 70

true

Question 71

Name the three categories of ligament in the knee

Answer 71

Extracapsular intra-articular Menisci

Question 72

Name the three extra capsular ligaments

Answer 72

patellar ligament lateral collateral ligament Medial collateral ligament

Question 73

The medial and lateral menisci are _____ shaped. they are _______ tendons.

Answer 73

Crescent shaped | They are fibre-cartilage tendons

Question 74

The anatomical name for the achilles tendon is _____

Answer 74

the calcanea tendon

Question 75

the achilles tendon is the thickest/thinnest and strongest/weakest tendon in the body

Answer 75

thickest strongest tendon in the body.

Question 76

How long is the calcaneal tendon?

Answer 76

approx 15cms

Question 77

Where does the achilles tendon originate and attach to? What is it involved in?

Answer 77

Composed of tendons from gastrocnemius and soleus. | Attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of calcaneus. It is involved in the ankle jerk reflex (plantar-flexion)