physiology and anatomy

Question 1

where is the motor cortex

Answer 1

pre central gyrus

Question 2

where is sensory cortex

Answer 2

post central gyrus

Question 3

what spinal level does spinal cord end

Answer 3

L1/2

Question 4

the tapered cone shaped end of the spinal cord is called the?

Answer 4

conus medullaris

Question 5

what ligament suspends spinal cord in spinal canal

Answer 5

denticulate ligament

Question 6

what forms the denticulate ligament

Answer 6

pia and arachnoid tissue

Question 7

in the spinal cord what part is the grey matter and what is white

Answer 7

central grey matter

Question 8

how many longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord

Answer 8

3 two posterior and 1 anterior

Question 9

what does DCML carry

Answer 9

fine touch, proprioception

Question 10

what can the DCML be divided into

Answer 10

fasiculus cuneatus and fasiculus gracilis

Question 11

what is more lateral fasiculus cuneatus or gracilis

Answer 11

cunteatus more lateral

Question 12

what point do neurons cross the midline in DCML

Answer 12

medulla

Question 13

where are nucleus gracilis and cunteatus found

Answer 13

medulla

Question 14

from what spinal level do neurons travel in fasiculus gracilis

Answer 14

T6 and below

Question 15

what cells are responsible for detecting vibration

Answer 15

pacinian corpuscles

Question 16

what sensory information is carries in the spinothalamic

Answer 16

pain and temperature and deep pressure

Question 17

where in the spinal cord do neurons in the spinothalamic cord synapse

Answer 17

in the posterior horn of spinal cord and in the thalamus

Question 18

what sensory modality in the lateral spinothalamic tract

Answer 18

pain and temp

Question 19

what sensory modality in the anterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 19

crude touch

Question 20

what are the 2 pyramidal tracts

Answer 20

corticospinal and corticobulbar

Question 21

how many motor neurons long is the cortiospinal tract

Answer 21

2 neurons long

Question 22

fibres travelling in what corticospinal tract decussate at the medulla

Answer 22

fibres in the lateral tract

Question 23

what is supplied by lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 23

limbs and digits

Question 24

what is worse decorticate or decerebrate posturing

Answer 24

decerebrate is worse and more indicative of lower brain stem lesion

Question 25

what is corticobulbar tract reposnsible for

Answer 25

muscles of face head and neck by travelling from motor cortex and synapsing in motor CN's

Question 26

what part of CN VII is innervated bilaterally

Answer 26

the upper half

Question 27

what are the extrapyramidal tracts

Answer 27

tectospinal vistubulospinal rubrospinal reticulospinal

Question 28

where do the extrapyramidal tracts originate

Answer 28

the brainstem

Question 29

what is brown squared syndrome

Answer 29

ipsilateral loss of tactile sensation and proprioception and contralateral loss of pain and temperature

Question 30

name the 5 basal ganglia

Answer 30

``` putamen globus pallidus substantia nigra subthlalamic nucleus caudate nucleus ```

Question 31

which of the basal ganglia make up the corpus striatum

Answer 31

the globes pallid us, putamen and then caudate nucleus

Question 32

where is globes palladium found in relation to the putamen eg medial or laterally

Answer 32

found medially

Question 33

functions of the basal ganglia

Answer 33

facilitate purposeful movement inhibit unwanted movement role in posture and muscle tone

Question 34

what spinal level does subarachnoid space end

Answer 34

ends at s2

Question 35

what is the only cranial nerve that doesn't synapse in the thalamus before reaching the cortex

Answer 35

olfactory

Question 36

what muscles have parasympathetic innervation of the oculomotor nerve

Answer 36

sphincter papillae and ciliary muscles

Question 37

what nucleus do parasympathetic fibres of oculomotor nerve synapse in

Answer 37

edinger westphalt nucleus

Question 38

what is the only CN to exit brain stem posteriorly and cross the midline

Answer 38

trochlear nerve CN IV

Question 39

paralysis of the trochlear nerve would lead to what position of the eyes

Answer 39

up and out

Question 40

In CN XII injury will tongue deviate to affected or non affected side

Answer 40

affected side

Question 41

what cranial nerve enters the cranium and then exits it

Answer 41

spinal accessory

Question 42

what nerve innervates the tensor tympani

Answer 42

trigeminal nerve

Question 43

divisions of the facial nerve

Answer 43

temporal, zygomatic, buccal , marginal mandibular, cervical

Question 44

innervation of the stapedius muscle

Answer 44

facial nerve

Question 45

describe the route of CNVIII from spiral ganglion on the cochlear to the auditory cortex

Answer 45

``` E- eighth nerve C- cochlear nucleus O- superior olivary body L - lateral lemniscus I - inferior colliculus medial geniculate body in thalamus auditory cortex in superior temporal lobe ```

Question 46

is input from cochlear nucleus unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 46

bilateral therefore hearing loss in 1 ear is not brain stem lesion

Question 47

is damage to brocas area responsible for receptive or expressive aphasia

Answer 47

expressive aphasia

Question 48

is medial geniculate involved in visual or auditory pathway

Answer 48

auditory

Question 49

where is the auditory cortex found

Answer 49

superior temporal lobe

Question 50

where is the visual cortex found

Answer 50

occipital lobe

Question 51

what cranial nerve innervates the dura mater

Answer 51

trigeminal nerve

Question 52

where does the fall cerebri attach to

Answer 52

the crista Galli of ethmoid bone an the occipital protrudence