Physiology Flashcards
Expected arterial blood gases in pulmonary embolism
⬆️ pH (alkalosis resp)
⬇️ PaO2
⬇️ PaCO2
HCO3 normal
Physiologic responses when there’s hypoxic environment at high altitude
⬆️ increased pulmonary vascular resistance
⬆️ sympathetic activity = ⬆️ CO
Aldosterone suppression = ⬇️ plasma volume
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram +, lanced shaped Catalase - Alfa hemolysis Optochin sensitive Bile soluble
More common pathogens in secondary bacterial pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Haemophilus influenzae
Mention the two forces that determine the negative intrapleural pressure
Expanding force of the chest wall opposing collapsing force of the lungs
What causes the formation of cold agglutinins in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?
IgM ab that bind RBC and cause clumping/agglutinations at low body temperatures
Mention illnesses that form cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (walking pneumonia)
Infectious mononucleosis
Certain hematologic malignancies
Blastomyces dermatitidis shape changes with temperatures
37 grades: yeast form, single cells with broad based bud
25-30 grades: hyphae (environment)
Pulmonary volumes in Obstructive lung disease
⬇️⬇️ FEV1 ⬇️ FVC ⬇️ FEV1/FVC ⬆️ RV ⬆️ TLC ⬆️ FRC
Pulmonary volumes in Restrictive disease
⬇️ FEV1 ⬇️ FVC Normal FEV1/FVC ratio ⬇️ TLC ⬇️ RV
Principal receptor to central chemoreceptors
CO2
Type of receptors found in aortic and carotid bodies
Chemoreceptors
What does it stain the acid fast reaction?
Organisms Iike mycobacterium that have mycolic acid
Mention the infectious agent than colonizes lung cavities
Aspergillus fumigatus
Factors required for growth of Haemophilus influenzae in agar
Chocolate agar, X factor (hematin) and V factor (NAD+)
Type of H. influenzae that causes disseminated disease
Type B, encapsulated
Primary virulence factor of M. tuberculosis
Cord factor. It inhibits phagolysome acidification and leads to casseating granuomas formation
Pathologic features of Coccidiodes immitis
Dimorphic: hyphae at environment and spherule at human temperature Spherules packed with endospores Saburaud agar Erythema nodosum Arthralgias South western US
Most common pathogens found in COPD exacerbation
Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae Moraxella catarrhalis Rhinovirus Influenza virus Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Clinical features of Legionella pneumophila infection
Not stain with Gram, visualized in Silver stain Contaminates water No person to person transmission High fever, GI and neurologic symptoms Smokers and chronic lung disease Detected as urine antigen HypoNatremia
What gives Elastin protein its properties
Extensive cross-linking between monomers by lysyl oxidase. And nonpolar aa content
Associated conditions of Allergic broncopulmonary aspergillosis
Asthma and cystic fibrosis
May cause bronchiectasis and eosinophilia
Nocardiosis characteristics
Branching filament, gram + Found in soil / trauma infection Weak acid fast Pulmonary infection in immunicompromised Can spread CNS
