Pathology

Question 1

Characteristics of SIADH, associated to small cell carcinoma

Answer 1

⬇️Na
⬇️ serum osmolality
urine osmolality >100

Question 2

Characteristics of small cell carcinoma

Answer 2

Central
May produce:
-ACTH (Cushing)
-ADH (SIADH)
-Antibodies vs presynaptic calcium channels (LEMS)
Small dark blue cells
Chromogranin A positive

Question 3

Cause of hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis

Answer 3

⬆️ a1-hydoxylase in activated macrophages ➡️ PTH-independent production of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D = intestinal Ca absorption

Question 4

Histological findings of mesothelioma

Answer 4

Tumor cells with numerous long, slender microvili and abundant tonofilaments. IHQ marker pancytokeratin +

Question 5

Clinical pathway of lobar pneumonia

Answer 5

1: congestion (⬆️ permeability of capillary endothelium)
2: red hepatization (exudate of fibrin, neutrophils and erythrocytes)
3: gray hepatization (leukocyte infiltration, neutrophils replaced by macrophages)
4: resolution (liquefaction of fibrinous exudate)

Question 6

Ghon complex

Answer 6

Calcified hiliar nodes and Ghon focus (small fibrotic focus in mid/lower lobe)

Question 7

Histological findings of secondary Tb

Answer 7

Caseating granuloma, with central necrosis and Langhans gigant cells

Question 8

Shortness of breath, upper lungs blebs from ⬆️ activity of elastase

Answer 8

Emphysema

Question 9

Kid with shortness of breath, lower lobes blebs and liver disease

Answer 9

a1 antitrypsin deficiencias

Question 10

Immune pathway in the formation of granuloma

Answer 10

AP cells help to differentiate lymphocytes into Th1 which secretes INF gamma and activates macrophages

Question 11

What did Pinedo say?

Answer 11

Due to rupture of apical subpleural bleb or cyst. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax

Question 12

Role of vitamin A in cell differentiation

Answer 12

Essential in differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue. Prevents squamous metaplasia

Question 13

Gram - bacilli, lactose fermenter. Pneumonia in alcoholics, affecting upper lobes

Answer 13

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 14

Neuroendocrine markers

Answer 14

Neural cell adhesion molecule (CD56)
Neuron-specific enolase
Chromogranin
Synaptophysin

Question 15

Chronic heart failure cells, sign of lung congestion

Answer 15

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

Question 16

Sarcoidosis medical findings

Answer 16

Parahiliar bilateral adenopathy
HyperC
⬆️ ACE levels
⬆️ CD4/CD8 ratio
Non caseating granulomas
African-American women

Question 17

Pulmonary surfactant

Answer 17

Stored and transported to the type II pneumocyte surface by lamellar bodies