physiology

Question 1

the consumption of ATP by inspiration is around?

Answer 1

5% of the total body ATP

Question 2

the consumption of ATP by forced expiration is around?

Answer 2

20%-30% or even 40 %

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE

airway resistance is almost negligible from the 15 th generation and above

Answer 3

true

Question 4

true or false

in restrictive pulmonary diseases the residual volume decreases

Answer 4

true

Question 5

what is alveolar recruitment

Answer 5

when on alveoli is inflated then it helps the rest of the alveoli get inflated.

only in inflation, doesn’t occur in deflation

Question 6

during inflation or deflation do we have more surface tension?

Answer 6

inflation, in deflation we have less surface tension

note: surface tension is the cause of hysteresis

Question 7

true or false
It’s not only the concentration of surfactant that matters but also
the orientation of it

Answer 7

true

Question 8

regarding the surfactants what differ between inflation and deflation.

Answer 8

orientation , during inflation the orientation is not correct while during deflation the orientation of the surfactant is correct

Question 9

remember in premature babies( IRDS) the reduis is small and there is still no production of surfactants due to underdeveloped type 2 cells.

Answer 9

so the surface tension will increase and according to the equation delta P=2T/r the delta P increase.

Question 10

what hormones does the baby need in order to develop type 2 cells

Answer 10

estrogen , prolactin , thyroxin T4) and glucocorticoids( cortisone)

Question 11

what are the lung markers

Answer 11

1) lecithin to sphingomyelin
2) phosphatidylglycerol
3) surfactant to albumin ratio

Question 12

what does IRDS cause?

Answer 12

1) hypoxia with can lead to hypertension and the corpulmonar
2) latent ductus arteriosus
3) foramen oval
4) hypoglycemia
5) acidosis

Question 13

true or false

when you fill your lungs to the max even the RVT tends to collapse the lungs

Answer 13

true

Question 14

true or false

after active expiration , the inspiration is passive?

Answer 14

true

Question 15

how does emphysema and fibrosis affect the FRC in the lungs

Answer 15

in emphysema: the FRC increases

in fibrosis : the FRC decreases

Question 16

the regional differences in Q and V are more dominant in Q because??

Answer 16

blood has a higher density than air so gravity affects it more

Question 17

true or false the bottom has a higher V/Q ratio compared to the apex

Answer 17

false

Question 18

what is the PO2 in the apex and the base?

Answer 18

the PO2 in the apex is higher than 100 while in the base the PO2 is lower than a 100

Question 19

what does a shadow in an X ray probably means in the apex and the base

Answer 19

in the apex: TB

in the base :malignancy

Question 20

true or false

emphysema doesn’t affect perfusion

Answer 20

false, it decreases the perfusion as it leads to a decrease in SA which will lead to damaging the capillary beds.

Question 21

alveolar wasted volume??

Answer 21

part of the lung is being ventilated but not perfused.

Question 22

where does the minimal pulmonary vascular resistance resides

Answer 22

in the FRC

Question 23

What type of blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries is found in the following cases

1) spine position
2) exercise

Answer 23

In both of them they will have zone 3 which is continous

Question 24

What is borr effect and Haldane effect

Answer 24

Borr effect is when H+ and co2 binds to hemoglobin O2 will be released directly
Haldane effect is the opposite

Question 25

true or false

hyperventilated lungs CAN compensate for hypo ventilated lungs

Answer 25

false, it cant

note: remember that the PO2 O2% saturation curve is sigmoidal

Question 26

true or false

chloride concentration in the venous blood is higher than that in the arterial blood

Answer 26

false, in the venous it is lower

Question 27

does an increase in O2 concentration above 100 affect the respiratory system??

Answer 27

no

Question 28

the 4 types of hypoxia are?

Answer 28

1) hypoxic hypoxia (due to low O2 concentration in the outside air)
2) stagnant hypoxia (due to an obstruction)
3) anemic hypoxia( like in the case of CO)
4) histotoxic hypoxia(like cyanide poisoning)

Question 29

true or false

it takes more force (work) to inflate the lungs than to keep them inflated ??

Answer 29

true

Question 30

true or false

The bigger the volume you start exhaling from, the faster the maximum expiratory rate

Answer 30

true

Question 31

true or false
So it’s easier ( need less pressure) to
keep the lung inflated during deflation
rather than during inflation at the same
volume

Answer 31

true

Question 32

true or false

the immediate cause of death in pneumothorax is hypoxia

Answer 32

false, it is due to the decrease in VR and the decrease in CO

Question 33

true or false

in exercise hyperventilation occurs

Answer 33

false, increase in ventilation