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respiratory system > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main difference between bronchi and bronchioles

A

bronchi contain cartilage while the bronchioles don’t contain cartilage.
PS: therefore in asthma when the smooth muscles contract the bronchioles will constrict because they don’t contain cartilage (which keeps the bronchi open)

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2
Q

what arteries supply the external nose

A

1) ophthalmic artery from the internal carotid artery
2) maxillary artery from the external carotid artery
3) superior labial artery from the facial artery which is a branch from the external carotid artery

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3
Q

what nerves supply the external nose

A

1) infratrochlear nerve
2) external nasal nerve(a direct continuation from the anterior ethmoidal nerve)
3) infra orbital nerve ( a direct continuation from the maxillary nerve

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4
Q

what is the mucosa of the vestibule formed of??

A

it is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium with vibrissae

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5
Q

what can we find at the roof of the choana

A

1) palatovaginal canal

2) sphenoid process of the palatine bone

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6
Q

which bones support the lateral wall ?

A

1) maxillary
2) lacrimal
3) ethmoid(labyrinth +uncinate process)
4) inferior concha( from the maxilla)
5) perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
6) medial pterygoid of the sphenoid

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7
Q

alveolar arteries are a branch from??

A

the infraorbital artery which is a branch from the maxillary artery.
note: superior alveolar artery supplies the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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8
Q

what is the name of the area where major epistaxis occur?

A

(Kiesselbach’s area)

note: this area is found on the anterior region of the MEDIAL wall (SEPTUM) of the nasal cavity

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9
Q

which arteries are most likely to get cauterized in case of epistaxis

A

1) long sphenopalatine artery

2) superior labial artery

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10
Q

which nerve supplies the mucosa of the ethmoid and sphenoid air sinuses

A

posterior ethmoidal nerve

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11
Q

the parasympathetic innervation of the nasal cavity is from??

A

the facial nerve

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12
Q

what is the innervation for each of the nasal sinuses?

A

1) frontal: supraorbital nerve
2) ethmoidal: anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves + orbital nerves.
3) sphenoidal: posterior ethmoidal and orbital nerves
4) maxillary :infraorbital nerve and alveolar nerve (middle and posterior superior alveolar nerve)

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13
Q

which part(nerve) of the pterygoid canal nerve synapses in the pterygopalatine fossa

A

the great petrosal nerve because it is parasympathetic while the deep petrosal nerve is sympathetic

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14
Q

which muscle divides the maxillary artery

A

the lateral pterygoid muscle, it divides the maxillary artery into 3 parts , the last part is in the pterygopalatine fossa

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15
Q

which nerve originates from the geniculate ganglia of facial nerve ?

A

the greater petrosal nerve

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16
Q

what are the branches of the infraorbital nerve

A

1) palpebral branches
2) nasal branches
3) superior labial branches
4) anterior superior alveolar artery
5) middle superior alveolar artery

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17
Q

what are the branches of the first part of the maxillary artery?

A

1) inferior alveolar nerve
2) middle meningeal nerve
3) accessory middle meningeal nerve
4) auricular nerve
5) anterior tympanic arteries

18
Q

true or false
the pharyngeal branch from the 3rd part of the maxillary artery can supply the posterior part or the nasal cavity and the sphenoid sinuses

A

true

note: the superior posterior alveolar artery supplies the maxillary sinuses

19
Q

where is the triticial cartilage found ?

A

in the lateral ligaments of the thyrohyoid membrane

20
Q

name the external ligaments of the larynx

A

1) thyrohyoid
2) cricotracheal ligament
3) hyo-epiglottic ligament

21
Q

the mucus membrane of the true vocal folds are made of

A

squamous stratified non-keratinized epithelium

note: the true vocal cords have no sub-mucosa, and they are avascular

22
Q

lymph drainage of the larynx?

A

above the vocal cords: deep cervical lymph nodes

below the vocal cords: paratracheal lymph nodes

23
Q

sensory innervation below the vocal cords?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

24
Q

true or false
unilateral partial injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause hoarseness of the sound while the unilateral complete doesn’t affect the sound

A

true

note : in bilateral complete speech is lost because both vocal cords are lost

25
Q

carina??

A

a fold of mucosa found at the beginning of the main bronchi

26
Q

what arteries and veins are compromised in emergency thyroidectomy?

A

the inferior thyroid vein, the anterior jugular arch, sometimes the thyroid ima artery

27
Q

what is the difference in the bronchopulmonary segments between an adult and an embryo

A

the embryo has 8 bronchopulmonary segments in the left lung while an adult has 10
because the in the upper lobe the apical and the posterior segment are joined and they form the apicoposterior segment , and in the lower lobe the anterior and medial segments are joined and they form the anteromedial segment

28
Q

apical artery is found at?

A

the apex of the left lung

29
Q

the root of the lung is found between which thoracic vertebrae??

A

T5-T7

30
Q

what is the most superior structure in the helium of the left lung

A

left pulmonary artery

note: left pulmonary artery is shorter than the right pulmonary artery

31
Q

the left bronchial vein drains into??

A

1)the hemizygous vein or 2)the pulmonary veins

32
Q

true or false

both the parietal and the visceral pleura are sensitive to pain

A

false, only the parietal

33
Q

the largest and most clinically important recess is

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

34
Q

the mediastinal and the diaphragmatic pleura are supplied by which nerve

A

the phrenic nerve

35
Q

kartagner syndrome is due to

A

deficiency of dynein

36
Q

true or false

only 1/6 of the alveoli are present at birth

A

true

37
Q

After birth, the doctor slaps the baby’s back or legs to stimulate the ski receptors to send nerve impulses to the respiratory center of the brain .The brain will then respond by sending impulses through the ————-(motor nerve) to stimulate the diaphragm to contract causing the air to gush through the nose to the lungs

A

phrenic nerve

38
Q

what is the main stimulator of surfactant production

A

thyroxine

39
Q

lung hypoplasia is associated with which anomaly

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

40
Q

what is the appearance of congenital cysts of he lungs in radiography

A

it has a honeycomb appearance

41
Q

oligohydramnios can lead to??

A

severe pulmonary hypoplasia

respiratory system (4 decks)

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