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Repro > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Female sex hormones? (5)

A 
GnRH
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
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2
Q

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release?

A

LH and FSH

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3
Q

The stimulated theca granulosa cells around the follicle secrete?

A

Oestrogen

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4
Q

Which hormone has negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

Oestrogen

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5
Q

What female secondary sexual characteristics does oestrogen promote? (3)

A

Breast tissue development
Growth and development of female sex organs at puberty
Development of blood vessels in the uterus and endometrial development

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6
Q

If pregnancy occurs, what takes over progesterone production from the corpus luteum?

A

Placenta (after week 10)

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7
Q

What are the effects of progesterone? (3)

A

Thickening and maintaining endometrium
Thickening the cervical mucus
Rise in body temperature

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8
Q

Puberty starts in girls around age?

A

8-14

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9
Q

Puberty starts in boys around?

A

9-15

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10
Q

How long (roughly) does puberty last?

A

About 4 years

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11
Q

What factor can induce early puberty?

A

Being overweight

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12
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the creation of oestrogen and where is it found?

A

Aromatase, found in adipose tissue

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13
Q

Stages of puberty in girls?

A
  • Breast bud development
  • Pubic hair
  • Menarche (usually about 2 years from the start)
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14
Q

Which sex has an earlier growth spurt?

A

Girls, rising GH levels in early puberty

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15
Q

When is GnRH initially secreted in early puberty?

A

During sleep, throughout the day in later stages

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16
Q

Rise in GnRH stimulates the release of?

A

FSH and LH

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17
Q

FSH and LH stimulate ovarian production of?

A

Oestrogen

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18
Q

Why do girls generally have a shorter stature than boys?

A

Oestrogen suppresses growth hormone and puberty starts earlier

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19
Q

Menstrual cycle phases?

A

Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Menstruation

20
Q

When is the follicular phase?

A

From the start of menstruation to ovulation

21
Q

Which cells respond to FSH and LH, producing androstenedione and aromatase and as a result oestradiol?

A

Theca and granulosa cells

22
Q

What type of feedback does oestradiol have on the pituitary?

A

Negative feedback, until 1-2 days before ovulation where it switches to positive, inducing the LH surge and ovulation

23
Q

What happens in response to the LH surge?

A

Follicle release the mature ovum (unfertilised egg), ready for fertilisation to occur

24
Q

When does ovulation happen?

A

Day 14 of a 28 day cycle

25
Q

When is the luteal phase?

A

From the moment of ovulation to the start of menstruation

26
Q

The follicle that released the ovum collapses to become?

A

Corpus luteum

27
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum produce high levels of?

A

Progesterone

28
Q

If fertilisation occurs, what hormone maintains the corpus luteum?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

29
Q

If fertilisation does not occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

Regresses and becomes corpus albicans, no longer producing any hormones

30
Q

If oestrogen and progesterone levels fall after no fertilisation, what happens?

A

No hormonal maintenance of the endometrial lining, menstruation occurs

31
Q

How long does menstruation usually last in a 28 day cycle?

A

Between 1-8 days

32
Q

The dominant follicle is known as?

A

The Graafian follicle

33
Q

Around the time of ovulation, the primary oocyte undergoes?

A

Meiosis, creating a haploid cell and a polar body

34
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

In the ampulla of the uterine tube

35
Q

The fertilised cell is called?

A

A zygote

36
Q

The zygote divides rapidly to form a mass of cells called?

A

The morula

37
Q

The morula travels down the uterine tube and gathers a fluid filled cavity within the group of cells and becomes a?

A

Blastocyst

38
Q

When the blastocyst arrives at the uterus, what cells adhere to the stroma of the endometrium?

A

Trophoblast cells

39
Q

The syncytiotrophoblast forms projections into the endometrium, converting it into?

A

Decidua, this provides nutrients for the trophoblast

40
Q

The growth of the syncytiotrophoblast cells stimulates the spiral arteries in the area to reduce their resistance. They become fragile and burst, leaving pools of blood called?

A

Lacunae (~week20)

41
Q

If the spiral arteries don’t burst, what can the woman develop?

A

Pre-eclampsia

42
Q

The throphoblast continues to invade the endometrium forming?

A

Chorionic villi

43
Q

The chorionic villi closest to the connecting stalk contain mesoderm. this is known as the

A

Chorion frondosum

44
Q

The cells in the chorion frondosum proliferate and become?

A

The placenta

45
Q

The connecting stalk becomes?

A

The umbilical cord

46
Q

Placental development is usually complete by?

A

Week 10

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