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Year 1 resp. > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is lung compliance

A
  • distensibility of lung

, ability to swell under pressure

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2
Q

increased lung compliance

A
  • less elastic fibres
  • less recoil
  • hard to expire
    e. g. COPD
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3
Q

decreased lung compliance

A
  • fibrosis/ scarring
  • more effort to expand
  • breathless
  • oedema, pneumothorax
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4
Q

inspiration overview

A

active process

air into lungs

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5
Q

Expiration overview

A

air out of lungs
passive/ active process
elastic recoil/ accessory muscles

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6
Q

Control of breathing + nerve origination

A

phrenic nerve

C3 - C5

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7
Q

Inspiration muscles

A

Diaphragm - contracts - inferiorly
External costal muscles
- out + up
bucket handle

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8
Q

passive expiration muscles

A

relaxation of diaphragm + elastic recoil

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9
Q

Active expiration muscles

A

abdominal wall + internal costal muscles

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10
Q

Process of inspiration

A
  • Phrenic nerve innervation
  • Diaphragm contracts
  • Decrease in pleural pressure
  • Lungs expand
  • Air in
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11
Q

Keeps lungs inflated

A 
Intra -pleuric cohesiveness 
- water in pleural space attracts each other 
Negative pressure 
- pleural space has -ve pressure 
pressure grad., keeps inflated
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12
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air into pleural cavity
- increases pressure
No pressure gradient
- lung collapses

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13
Q

passive Expiration process

A 
- decreased phrenic nerve innervation
diaphragm relaxes 
increase in pleural pressure 
elastic recoil 
air out
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14
Q

Active respiration

A

diaphragm relaxes + internal costal muscles contract + abdominal wall contracts
- increased pleural pressure (become +ve)
forces air out lungs
- dynamic collapse

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15
Q

alveolar pressure = to

A

pleural pressure + elastic recoil pressure

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16
Q

Elastic recoil

A
  • elastic fibres in membrane

- decreases as less stretched

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17
Q

Dynamic Collapse

A

Positive pressure from active respiration
- Transmural pressure = -ve
- inward pressure on airway
exacerbated if decreased airway pressure
Causes a collapse
- Increases pressure behind collapse
- Airway re opened - pressure grad.

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18
Q

Emphysema + dynamic collapse

A

decreased elastic recoil (swollen alveoli)

  • decreased transmural pressure
  • airway more likely to collapse
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19
Q

Alveolar collapse

A 
inward pressure = 2x surface tension/ radius
- more likely in smaller alveoli 
- surfactant = amphipathic 
reduces tension via repulsion 
Alveolar independence 
- one alveoli collapses
rest = stretched, elastic recoil, open
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20
Q

Tidal Volume

A
  • normal expiration

0,5L

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21
Q

Vital Capacity

A
  • volume expired after max inspiration

4. 5 L

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22
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A
  • volume inspired after tidal volume

- 3L

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23
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A
  • volume exhaled after tidal volume

1L

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24
Q

residual volume

A
  • remaining air in lungs volume

1. 2L

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25
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

= 5.7L

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26
Q

Functional reserve capacity

A

total air left in lung after tidal volume

- 2.2L

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27
Q

Forced Vital Capacity

A
  • volume of air forcibly exhaled after maximum inhalation
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28
Q

Forced expiratory volume 1

A
  • max air expired 1 second after max inhalation
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29
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio + features of abnormalities

A 
70% = normal 
<70% = obstructive airway disease 
- can't expire (narrow lumen)
70% but low FVC + FEV1 = restrictive 
(cant inflate)
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30
Q

Physiological dead space

A

anatomical + functional dead space

31
Q

Anatomical dead space

A
  • recycled air/ not used air

e. g. airways

32
Q

Functional dead space

A
  • air not diffused

e. g. no blood supply

33
Q

alveolar resp.

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x resp. rate

34
Q

Diffusion - air -> blood

A 
ideal 1:1 ratio 
- not likely, gravity 
apex < base lung
- vasodilation 
perfusion/ diffusion limited
35
Q

perfusion limited O2 uptake

A
  • sub optimal conditions due to inadequate blood supply

determined by unbound gas (no partial pressure if bound)

36
Q

diffusion limited O2 uptake

A
  • dependent on a diffusion factor e.g. size of membrane
37
Q

Dead Space

A
  • air not available for perfusion

- anatomical/ functional

38
Q

anatomical dead space

A
  • air in airways

can’t be perfused into blood

39
Q

functional dead space

A
  • insufficient blood supply

perfusion limited

40
Q

4 factors effecting gas perfusion

A
  • partial pressure of gas
  • Surface Area
  • Thickness of Membrane
  • Solubility in membrane
41
Q

Features of O2 dissociation curve

A
  • sigmoidal
    high O2 uptake at slightly low O2 conc.
  • keeps O2 sats high
42
Q

Bohr effect

A

graph moves to right
- increased dissociation of O2 in tissue + uptake in lung
CO2, H+ conc., temp, 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

43
Q

Oxygen delivery index =

A

cardiac output x O2 arterial content

44
Q

foetal haemoglobin

A

2 alpha, 2 gamma sub units
higher affinity for O2
- picks up O2 from mother
- less reactive to 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

45
Q

Myoglobin

A

in muscles
carries 1 O2
short term relief of anaerobic conditions

46
Q

Haldane effect

A

No O2 bound
- globin has high affinity for CO2
O2 has greater affinity - displaces CO2
- CO2 removal, lungs

47
Q

Reduce effects of dead space

A

Heavy deep breathing

48
Q

Alveolar gas equation

A

Partial pressure O2 in air - (partial pressure CO2/0.8)

49
Q

PO2 arterial + alveolar

A

small grad. = normal

large grad. = circulatory problem

50
Q

Henrys law

A

Gas dissolved in liquid = proportional to partial pressure of gas

51
Q

O2 arterial blood content

A

1.34 x haemoglobin conc. x 5 saturation

52
Q

Oxygen delivery Index

A

Arterial O2 content x Cardiac Output

53
Q

3 methods of CO2 transport

A
  • plasma
  • bicarbonates
  • Carbamino Compounds
54
Q

CO2 transport in plasma

A

Henrys law
- proportional to partial pressure + solubility
only unbound gas

55
Q

Bicarbonates

A

In RBC carbonic anhydrase catalyses:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
- bicarbonate exchanged for Cl-
in RBC

56
Q

Carbamino compounds

A

CO2 binds to globin

- doesn’t affect partial pressure, bound CO2

57
Q

Control Of respiration - 2 forms

A

neural

chemical

58
Q

Neural control - rhythm

A

medulla
Pre botzinger complex
- innervates dorsal respiratory group neurones

59
Q

Stimulation of inspiration

A

pre botzinger complex causes innervation of diaphragm via dorsal respiratory group neurones via phrenic nerve

60
Q

Pneumotaxic centre function

A
  • Inhibits dorsal respiratory group neurones, allows respiration
    activated by dorsal neurones
  • ve feedback
61
Q

Apneustic centre function

A

Prolongs inspiration

- excites dorsal respiratory group neurones

62
Q

Expiration

A

Pre botzinger complex inhibits dorsal respiratory centre innervation of phrenic nerve
- relaxation

63
Q

Active expiration

A
  • ventral respiratory group neurones stimulated

innervation of internal intercostals + abdomen

64
Q

Apneusis

A

Respiration - no pneumotaxic centre

long inspiration, short expiration

65
Q

hering Breur reflex

A

Prevents hyper inflation

- inhibits inspiration

66
Q

Chemical control of respiration mechanisms

A

Negative feedback of central + peripheral chemoreceptors

67
Q

Location of central chemoreceptors

A
  • surface of medulla
68
Q

Main mechanism of resp. control

A
  • H+ ion conc. in CSF via central chemoreceptors
69
Q

Process of resp. control via central chemoreceptors

A 
- CSF = impermeable to H+ + HCO3- ions
very permeable to CO2 
CO2 dissolves in H2O
produces increased H+ ions 
low protein levels - low buffering
70
Q

Peripheral control of respiration

A

senses PaO2, PaCO2 + Pa H+

71
Q

Peripheral control - changes in Pa CO2

A 
Hypercapnia 
- High CO2 
increase ventilation 
expel more CO2 
Hypocapnia - acidaemia 
- decreases ventilation 
decreases CO2 expelled 
prevents alkalaemia 
- process ineffective in severe chronic COPD
72
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptor control of PaO2

A

Detects very low O2 levels
Hypoxaemia
very low PaO2
- increase ventilation

73
Q

Mechanism of cough initiation signalling

A

Afferent signals
-cough receptors on posterior trachea + pharynx + carina
internal laryngeal nerve -> superior laryngeal nerve -> vagus nerve

74
Q

Mechanism of cough signalling - efferent

A 
Contraction of diaphragm + external intercostals 
- short breath in
Closure of larynx 
- rima glottis shut by vocal chords 
- active expiration 
contraction of abdomen + internal intercostal muscles 
- larynx opens 
- air expulsed

Year 1 resp. (6 decks)

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