Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
What is normal LVEDP?
A
=< 12 mmHg
2
Q
What is normal LVEDV?
A
120ml
(60 - 240ml)
3
Q
What is normal LVESV?
A
50ml
(20 - 140ml)
4
Q
What is normal SV?
A
70ml
(40 - 100ml)
5
Q
What is normal EF?
A
60%
(50-70%)
6
Q
What is normal CO?
A
5 L/min
(4-8 L/min)
7
Q
What is normal cardiac index?
A
2.6 - 4.2 l/min/m2
8
Q
What is normal EBV?
A
70 ml/kg
9
Q
What is normal atrial kick?
A
10-40% (increases with HR)
10
Q
What is normal SVR?
A
1000 dynes/s/cm
11
Q
What is normal PVR?
A
150 dynes/s/cm
12
Q
What is normal SAN blood supply?
A
70% R
30% L
13
Q
What is normal AVN blood supply?
A
80% R
20% L
14
Q
What is normal CVP?
A
6 mmHg
15
Q
What is normal RA pressure?
A
6 mmHg
16
Q
What is normal RV pressure?
A
25/0 mmHg
17
Q
What is normal pulmonary artery pressure?
A
25/10 mmHg
18
Q
What is normal left atrial pressure?
A
8 mmHg
19
Q
What is normal LV pressure?
A
120/0 mmHg
20
Q
What is normal aorta pressure?
A
120/80 mmHg
21
Q
What is normal liver blood flow?
A
1500 ml/min (30%)
22
Q
What is normal kidney blood flow?
A
20% (1000 ml/min)
23
Q
What is normal brain flow?
A
15% (750 ml/min)
24
Q
What is normal uterus at term blood flow?
A
15% (750ml/min)
25
What is normal coronary blood flow?
5% (250ml/min)
26
What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to carotid bodies?
2000ml/100g/min
27
What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to the thyroid?
550ml/100g/min
28
What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to the kidneys?
400ml/100g/min
29
What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to the coronaries?
80 ml/100g/min
30
What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to the brain?
50 ml/100g/min
31
What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to white matter?
20 ml/100g/min
32
What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to grey matter?
70 ml/100g/min
33
What is the hydrostatic force A end in the systemic capillary?
35 mmHg
34
What is the hydrostatic force V end in the systemic capillary?
15 mmHg
35
What is the normal oncotic plasma pressure in the systemic capillary?
25 mmHg
36
What is the normal oncotic ISF pressure in systemic capillaries?
2 mmHg
37
What is the autoregulation range for coronary perfusion?
CPP 60 - 180 mmHg
38
What is the autoregulation range for cerebral blood flow?
50 - 150 mmHg
39
What is the autoregulation ranges for renal blood flow?
SBP 80 - 180 mmHg
40
What is the calibration in the ECG?
25 mm/s and 1 mV/cm
41
What is a normal cardiac axis?
-30 to + 90
42
What is a normal PR duration?
120 - 200ms
43
What is a normal QRS duration?
\<120 ms
44
What is a normal QTc?
\< 420 ms
45
What is the normal residual volume?
1500 ml (20ml/kg)
46
What is the normal expiratory reserve volume?
1000 ml (15 ml/kg)
47
What is the normal tidal volume?
500 ml (7ml/kg)
48
What is the normal IRV for males and females?
Males - 3200 ml (45 ml/kg)
Females - 2000 ml (30ml/kg)
49
What is the normal TLC?
5000-8500 ml
50
What is the normal FRC?
2500 ml
51
What is the normal FEV1/FVC?
\> 70%
52
What is the normal minute ventilation?
70 ml/kg
53
What is the normal inspiratory flow rate?
30 L/min
54
What is the normal PIFR in males?
300 L/min (5 L/s)
55
What is the normal PEFR in men?
600 L/min (10L/s)
56
What is the normal value for anatomical dead space?
2 ml/kg
57
What is the normal VD/VT (Bohr)?
0.3
58
What is the normal QS/QT (shunt)?
0.3
59
What is normal lung compliance?
200 ml/cmH2O
60
What is the normal chest wall compliance?
200ml/cmH2O
61
What is the normal total compliance?
100 ml/cmH2O
62
What is the normal intrathoracic pressure (FRC)?
-5 cmH2O
63
What is the normal IT pressure (insp)?
-8cmH20
64
What is the normal IT pressure (cough)?
+100 cmH2O
65
What is the normal WOB?
3% whole body VO2
66
What is the normal diurnal PEFR change?
\<10%
67
What is the normal CO2 solubility?
x20 O2
68
What is the normal carrier of CO2 on Hb?
Amide group
69
What is the normal carrier of H+ on Hb?
Imidazole group
70
What is the normal Normal PaCO2 – PETCO2?
0.7 kPa
71
How many bronchial divisions are there?
23
72
What division is the bulk flow in the lungs?
16th division
73
What % of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate in arteries?
90%
74
What % of CO2 is transported as carbamino compounds in arteries?
5%
75
What % of CO2 is transported as dissolved CO2 in arteries?
5%
76
What is the normal PaCO2 in arteries?
5.3 kPa
77
What is the normal CaCO2?
48 ml/dl
78
What is the normal % of CO2 transported as bicarbonate in veins?
88%
79
What % of venous CO2 is transported as carbamino compounds?
6%
80
What % of venous CO2 is transported dissolved?
6%
81
What is the normal PaCO2 in veins?
6.1 kPa
82
What is the normal CvCo2?
52 ml/dl
83
What is the humidity at O°C?
8g/m3
0.3 kPa
84
What is the humidity in room air (20°C)?
17 g/m3
2 kPa
85
What is the humidity in the upper trachea (34°C)?
30 g/m2
86
What is the humidity in the lower trachea (37°C)?
44g/m2
6.3 kPa
87
What is the humidity in soda lime?
29 g/m2
88
What % of blooc is COHb?
\<2%
89
What % of blood is MetHb?
\<1%
90
What % of blood is HbF in an adult?
\<1% (by 6 months)
91
What is the normal HbF content in a newborn?
60-90%
92
What is the reading on the sats probe in MetHb?
Towards 85%
93
What is the normal PO2 in the umbilical vein in the fetus?
4.7 kPa
94
What is the normal SO2 in the umbilical vein in the fetus?
80%
95
What is the normal SO2 in the right atrium in the fetus?
65%
96
What is the normal SO2 in the descending aorta in the fetus?
55%
97
What is the normal SO2 in the SVC in the fetus?
25%
98
What is the normal pulmonary blood flow in the fetus?
10% CO (CO = CVO)
99
What is the normal placental blood flow in the fetus?
60% CO
100
When does closure of the FO occur in the neonate?
Minutes to hours
101
When does the FO become fused in the neonate?
48hrs
102
How long does it take for the DA to close in the neonate?
48hrs
103
How long does it take for fibrosis of the DA to occur in the fetus?
3 weeks
104
When does closure of the DV occur in the neonate?
3 - 10 days
105
What is the normal PaO2?
13.3 kPa
106
What is the normal SaO2?
97%
107
What is the normal CaO2?
20 ml/dl (1.5% dissolved)
108
What is the normal PVO2?
5.3 kPa
109
What is the normal SvO2?
75%
110
What is the normal CvO2?
15 ml/dl
111
What is the normal P50O2 of HbF?
2.5 kPa
112
What is the normal P50O2? (HbA)
3.5 kPa
113
What is the normal P50O2 (myoglobin)?
0.13 kPa
114
What is the normal A-a gradient?
1 kPa per 25 years age
115
Where does the OHDC inflection point occur?
8 kPa / 90%
116
How many nephrons per kidney?
1 million
117
What is the normal GFR?
125 ml/min
180 L/day
118
What is the normal filtration fraction?
20%
119
What is the normal hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus?
50 mmHg
120
What is the normal hydrostatic pressure in the BC?
10 mmHg
121
What is the normal plasma oncotic pressure?
25 mmHg
122
What is the normal oncotic pressure in the BC?
0 mmHg
123
What is the normal urine pH?
4.4 - 8
124
How much glucose is reabsorbed in the PCT?
100%
125
How much amino acids in reabsorbed in the PCT?
100%
126
How much bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the PCT?
80%
127
How much Cl is reabsorbed in the PCT?
80%
128
How much water is reabsorbed in the PCT?
70%
129
How much sodium is reabsorbed in the PCT?
70%
130
How much potassium is reabsorbed in the PCT?
60%
131
How much urea is reabsorbed in the PCT?
50%
132
What is sodium reabsorption in the PCT, loop of henle, DCT and CD?
PCT - 70%
LOH - 20% (AL only)
DCT - 5% (aldosterone)
CD - 3% (ANP)
133
What % of H2O is reabsorbed in the PCT, LOH, DCT and CD?
PCT - 75%
LOH - 10% (DL only)
DCT - 0%
CD - 0-15% (ADH)
134
What is the Tmax for glucose reabsorption?
300 mg/min
135
What is the glucose reabsorption threshold?
11 mmol/l
136
What is the normal daily glucose reabsorption?
160 g
137
What % of brain, blood and CSF occupy the skull?
Brain 80%
Blood 12%
CSF 8%
138
What is the normal ICP?
10 - 15 mmHg
139
What is the normal CPP?
\>70 mmHg
140
What is the normal pressure of CSF?
\< 20 mmHg
141
What is the normal volume of CSF?
150 ml
142
What is the normal production of CSF per minute and daily?
0.3 ml/min
Daily - 500ml
143
What is the normal glucose in CSF?
2/3 plasma
144
What is the normal protein in CSF?
\< 0.4 g/l
145
What is the normal pH of CSF?
7.3 - 7.4
146
What is the normal SG of CSF?
1.007 (heavy bupivacaine 1.026)
147
What does CSF have less than compared to plasma?
Potassium
Calcium
Bicarbonate
148
What does CSF have that is equal to plasma?
Sodium (or can be greater)
149
What does CSF have greater than plasma?
Magnesium
Chloride
150
What is the normal synaptic cleft width?
30 - 50 nm
151
What is the normal synaptic delay?
0.5 ms
152
What are alpha EEG waves?
8 - 13 Hz (increase when eyes close)
153
What are beta EEG waves?
13 - 30 Hz (increased by sedatives, frontal)
154
What are theta EEG waves?
3- 8 Hz (normal in sleep)
155
What are delta EEG waves?
\< 3 Hz (normal in sleep/kids)
156
What are meissners corpuscles?
Touch
157
What are ruffini corpuscles?
Proprioception
158
What are pacinian corpuscles?
Proprioception/vibration
159
What size and speed are Aα fibres?
10 - 20 µm
100-120 m/s
160
What size and speed are Aβ fibres?
5-‐10 µm
50 m/s
161
What size and speed are Aγ fibres?
2-‐5 µm
25 m/s
162
What size and speed are Aδ fibres?
2-‐5 µm
25 m/s
163
What size and speed are B fibres?
3 µm
10 m/s
164
What size and speed are C fibres?
1 µm
1 m/s
165
What is normal cerebral metabolic rate of O2?
3.5 ml/100g/min
166
What is normal whole brain CMRO2?
50 ml/min
167
How does warming the brain by 1C affect CMRO2?
Increases by 8%
168
How does cooling the brain by 1C affect CMRO2?
Decreases CMRO2 by 7%
169
What is the CMRO2 at 27C?
Decreases CMRO2 by 50%
170
What is the cerebral blood flow at 27C?
Decreased by 70%
171
What is the RMP of cardiac myocytes?
- 90mV
172
What is the threshold of cardiac myocytes?
-70 mV
173
What is the spike potential of cardiac myocytes?
+30 mV
174
What is the AP duration of cardiac myocytes?
250 ms
175
What is the ARP duration in cardiac myocytes?
200 ms
176
What is the RRP duration in cardiac myocytes?
50 ms
177
What is the speed of Purkinje conduction?
4 m/s
178
What is the RMP of neurones and skeletal muscle?
- 70mV
179
What is the threshold of neurone and skeletal muscles?
-50 mV
180
What is the spike potential of neurones and skeletal muscle?
+30 mV
181
What is the AP duration of neurones and skeletal muscle?
1 ms
182
How many calories are stored in glycogen?
2000 kcal
183
How many calories are stored in protein?
25000 kcal
184
How many calories are stored in fat?
135 000 kcal
185
What is the MRO2 of the heart at rest and in exercise?
Rest - 10ml/100g/min
Exercise - 70ml/100g/min
186
What is the MRO2 of the kidneys?
5ml/100g/min
187
What is the whole body DO2?
1000 ml/min
188
What is the critical DO2?
300ml/min
189
What is the whole body VO2?
250 ml/min
190
What is whole body VCO2?
200 ml/min
191
What is the whole body O2 extraction ratio?
25%
192
What is the heart's O2 extraction ratio?
60%
193
What's the brains O2 extraction ratio?
35%
194
What is the muscles O2 extraction ratio?
40%
195
What is the liver's O2 extraction ratio?
20% (but low O2 supply)
196
What is the kidney's O2 extraction ratio?
10%
197
Where is heat lost in theatre?
Radiation 40%
Convection 30%
Evaporation 20%
Respiration 10%
198
What is the hepatic blood supply?
Portal vein 70% blood (40% O2)
Hepatic artery 30% (60% O2)
SpvO2 70%
199
What is the total body water from age 2 onwards?
60% of mass, 42L
200
What is the ICF vs ECF?
ICF = 2/3 TBW (28L)
ECF = 1/3 TBW (14L)
201
What is ISF?
3/4 ECF (10.5L)
202
What is plasma?
1/4 ECF (3.5L)
203
What are the fluid compartments in the neonate?
TBW 75% mass
ICF 55% TBW
ECF 45% TBW
204
What is pH 6 as H+?
1000 nmol/l
205
What is pH 7 as H+?
100 nmol/l
206
What is pH 7.35 in H+?
45 nmol/l
207
What is pH 7.4 in H+?
40 nmol/l
208
What is pH 7.45 in H+?
35 nmol/l
209
What is pH 8 in H+?
10 nmol/l
210
What is the normal plasma values for Na, K, Calc, Mg, Cl and bicarb?
Na = 125-140 mmol/l
K = 3.5-5 mmol/l
Ca = 2.15 - 2.65 mmol/l
Mg = 0.70 - 1.05 mmol/l
Cl = 95 - 105 mmol/l
HCO3 = 21 - 28 mmol/l
211
What are normal protein and albumin values?
Protein 60-80 g/l
Albumin 35-50 g/l
212
What is a normal anion gap?
\< 12 mmol/l
213
What is a normal osmolar gap?
\< 10 mosm/kg
214
What is normal osmolality?
280 - 300 mosm/kg
215
What are the normal intracellular values for K, Mg, Na, Ca, HCO3, Cl and pH?
K = 150 mmol/l
Mg = 20 mmol/l
Na = 10 mmol/l
Ca = 1 mmol/l
HCO3 = 10 mmol/l
Cl = 3 mmol/l
pH = 7
216
What are the daily requirements for Na, K, H20, energy, carbohydrate/fat and protein?
Na = 1 mmol/kg/day
K = 1mmol/kg/day
H2O = 30ml/kg/day
Energy = 30 kcal/kg/day
Carbohydrate/fat = 50% energy each
Protein = 1.5 g/kg/day
217
What are the different classifications of BMI?
\< 18.5 Underweight
18.5 - 25 Normal
25-30 Overweight
30-35 Class 1 obesity
35 - 40 Class 2 obesity
\>40 Class 3 obesity
218
What are the pKas of the buffer systems?
Bicarbonate 6.1
Phosphate 6.8
Amino acids 7.4
Haemoglobin 7.8
Ammonia 9.0
219
What is the production of metabolic acids per day?
0.1 mol/day
220
What is the production of CO2 per day?
12 mol/day
221
What is the vascular effects of increased H+?
Increased PVR
Decreased SVR
Increased CBF
222
What is the vascular effect of increased pCO2?
Increased PVR
Decreased SVR
Increased CBF
223
What are the vascular effects of decreased pO2 in the arteries?
Increased PVR
Increased SVR
Increased CBF
224
What is the molecular size of albumin?
67 kDa
225
What size of molecule will be filtered at the glomerulus?
\< 7 kDa
226
What size of molecule will be blocked at the glomerulus?
\> 70 kDa
227
What size of molecules can be transferred to the placenta?
\< 0.5 kDa
Will block molecules \> 1kDa
228
Which cytokines are inflammatory?
IL1
IL6
IL8
TNF
229
What cytokines are non-inflammatory?
IL10
230
What type of molecule are cytokines?
Glycoproteins
231
What type of molecule is surfactant?
Phospholipid
232
What type of molecule is ADH?
Polypeptide
233
What type of molecule is vasopressin/oxytocin?
Nonapeptide
234
What chromosome does sux apnoea affect?
Chromosome 3
235
What chromosome does MH affect?
Chromosome 19
236
What chromosome does alpha globin affect?
Chromosome 16
237
What chromosome does beta globin affect?
Chromosome 11
238
How many carbons does glucose, pyruvate and lactate have?
Glucose 6C
Pyruvate 3C
Lactate 3C
239
How many carbons does Acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate and citrate have?
Acetyl CoA 2C
Oxaloacetate 4C
Citrate 6C
240
How many carbons do alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate have?
Alpha ketoglutarate 5C
Succinate 4C
241
How many ATP does glycolysis produce?
2 ATP net gain
242
How many ATP does aerobic metabolism produce?
38 ATP (net gain)
243
What is brain ketone use after 72hrs? And what is the max %?
30% after 72hrs
70% max
244
What is gastric pH?
2
245
What is the LOS barrier pressure?
15-30 mmHg
246
What is normal insulin/day?
30 units/day
247
What is intraocular pressure?
10-15 mmHg
248
What is lactate production normally?
1500 mmol/day
249
What is the hepatic clearance of citrate?
3g every 5 mins
250
How much citrate is in 1 unit of PRCs?
3g
251
What does cryprecipitate contain?
Fibrinogen
Von Willebrand Factor
Factor 8
Factor 13
252
How much hepatic glycogen does the liver have?
100g
253
How much glycogen do the muscles have?
400g
254
How much lymph is produced per day?
2 L/day (10% filtrate)
255
256
