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FRCA Notes > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal LVEDP?

A

=< 12 mmHg

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2
Q

What is normal LVEDV?

A

120ml

(60 - 240ml)

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3
Q

What is normal LVESV?

A

50ml

(20 - 140ml)

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4
Q

What is normal SV?

A

70ml

(40 - 100ml)

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5
Q

What is normal EF?

A

60%

(50-70%)

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6
Q

What is normal CO?

A

5 L/min

(4-8 L/min)

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7
Q

What is normal cardiac index?

A

2.6 - 4.2 l/min/m2

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8
Q

What is normal EBV?

A

70 ml/kg

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9
Q

What is normal atrial kick?

A

10-40% (increases with HR)

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10
Q

What is normal SVR?

A

1000 dynes/s/cm

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11
Q

What is normal PVR?

A

150 dynes/s/cm

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12
Q

What is normal SAN blood supply?

A

70% R

30% L

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13
Q

What is normal AVN blood supply?

A

80% R

20% L

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14
Q

What is normal CVP?

A

6 mmHg

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15
Q

What is normal RA pressure?

A

6 mmHg

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16
Q

What is normal RV pressure?

A

25/0 mmHg

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17
Q

What is normal pulmonary artery pressure?

A

25/10 mmHg

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18
Q

What is normal left atrial pressure?

A

8 mmHg

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19
Q

What is normal LV pressure?

A

120/0 mmHg

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20
Q

What is normal aorta pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

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21
Q

What is normal liver blood flow?

A

1500 ml/min (30%)

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22
Q

What is normal kidney blood flow?

A

20% (1000 ml/min)

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23
Q

What is normal brain flow?

A

15% (750 ml/min)

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24
Q

What is normal uterus at term blood flow?

A

15% (750ml/min)

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25
Q

What is normal coronary blood flow?

A

5% (250ml/min)

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26
Q

What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to carotid bodies?

A

2000ml/100g/min

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27
Q

What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to the thyroid?

A

550ml/100g/min

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28
Q

What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to the kidneys?

A

400ml/100g/min

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29
Q

What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to the coronaries?

A

80 ml/100g/min

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30
Q

What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to the brain?

A

50 ml/100g/min

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31
Q

What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to white matter?

A

20 ml/100g/min

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32
Q

What is the mass-adjusted blood flow to grey matter?

A

70 ml/100g/min

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33
Q

What is the hydrostatic force A end in the systemic capillary?

A

35 mmHg

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34
Q

What is the hydrostatic force V end in the systemic capillary?

A

15 mmHg

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35
Q

What is the normal oncotic plasma pressure in the systemic capillary?

A

25 mmHg

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36
Q

What is the normal oncotic ISF pressure in systemic capillaries?

A

2 mmHg

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37
Q

What is the autoregulation range for coronary perfusion?

A

CPP 60 - 180 mmHg

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38
Q

What is the autoregulation range for cerebral blood flow?

A

50 - 150 mmHg

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39
Q

What is the autoregulation ranges for renal blood flow?

A

SBP 80 - 180 mmHg

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40
Q

What is the calibration in the ECG?

A

25 mm/s and 1 mV/cm

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41
Q

What is a normal cardiac axis?

A

-30 to + 90

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42
Q

What is a normal PR duration?

A

120 - 200ms

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43
Q

What is a normal QRS duration?

A

<120 ms

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44
Q

What is a normal QTc?

A

< 420 ms

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45
Q

What is the normal residual volume?

A

1500 ml (20ml/kg)

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46
Q

What is the normal expiratory reserve volume?

A

1000 ml (15 ml/kg)

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47
Q

What is the normal tidal volume?

A

500 ml (7ml/kg)

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48
Q

What is the normal IRV for males and females?

A

Males - 3200 ml (45 ml/kg)

Females - 2000 ml (30ml/kg)

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49
Q

What is the normal TLC?

A

5000-8500 ml

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50
Q

What is the normal FRC?

A

2500 ml

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51
Q

What is the normal FEV1/FVC?

A

> 70%

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52
Q

What is the normal minute ventilation?

A

70 ml/kg

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53
Q

What is the normal inspiratory flow rate?

A

30 L/min

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54
Q

What is the normal PIFR in males?

A

300 L/min (5 L/s)

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55
Q

What is the normal PEFR in men?

A

600 L/min (10L/s)

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56
Q

What is the normal value for anatomical dead space?

A

2 ml/kg

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57
Q

What is the normal VD/VT (Bohr)?

A

0.3

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58
Q

What is the normal QS/QT (shunt)?

A

0.3

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59
Q

What is normal lung compliance?

A

200 ml/cmH2O

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60
Q

What is the normal chest wall compliance?

A

200ml/cmH2O

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61
Q

What is the normal total compliance?

A

100 ml/cmH2O

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62
Q

What is the normal intrathoracic pressure (FRC)?

A

-5 cmH2O

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63
Q

What is the normal IT pressure (insp)?

A

-8cmH20

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64
Q

What is the normal IT pressure (cough)?

A

+100 cmH2O

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65
Q

What is the normal WOB?

A

3% whole body VO2

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66
Q

What is the normal diurnal PEFR change?

A

<10%

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67
Q

What is the normal CO2 solubility?

A

x20 O2

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68
Q

What is the normal carrier of CO2 on Hb?

A

Amide group

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69
Q

What is the normal carrier of H+ on Hb?

A

Imidazole group

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70
Q

What is the normal Normal PaCO2 – PETCO2?

A

0.7 kPa

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71
Q

How many bronchial divisions are there?

A

23

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72
Q

What division is the bulk flow in the lungs?

A

16th division

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73
Q

What % of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate in arteries?

A

90%

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74
Q

What % of CO2 is transported as carbamino compounds in arteries?

A

5%

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75
Q

What % of CO2 is transported as dissolved CO2 in arteries?

A

5%

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76
Q

What is the normal PaCO2 in arteries?

A

5.3 kPa

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77
Q

What is the normal CaCO2?

A

48 ml/dl

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78
Q

What is the normal % of CO2 transported as bicarbonate in veins?

A

88%

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79
Q

What % of venous CO2 is transported as carbamino compounds?

A

6%

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80
Q

What % of venous CO2 is transported dissolved?

A

6%

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81
Q

What is the normal PaCO2 in veins?

A

6.1 kPa

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82
Q

What is the normal CvCo2?

A

52 ml/dl

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83
Q

What is the humidity at O°C?

A

8g/m3

0.3 kPa

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84
Q

What is the humidity in room air (20°C)?

A

17 g/m3

2 kPa

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85
Q

What is the humidity in the upper trachea (34°C)?

A

30 g/m<span>2</span>

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86
Q

What is the humidity in the lower trachea (37°C)?

A

44g/m2

6.3 kPa

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87
Q

What is the humidity in soda lime?

A

29 g/m2

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88
Q

What % of blooc is COHb?

A

<2%

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89
Q

What % of blood is MetHb?

A

<1%

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90
Q

What % of blood is HbF in an adult?

A

<1% (by 6 months)

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91
Q

What is the normal HbF content in a newborn?

A

60-90%

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92
Q

What is the reading on the sats probe in MetHb?

A

Towards 85%

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93
Q

What is the normal PO2 in the umbilical vein in the fetus?

A

4.7 kPa

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94
Q

What is the normal SO2 in the umbilical vein in the fetus?

A

80%

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95
Q

What is the normal SO2 in the right atrium in the fetus?

A

65%

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96
Q

What is the normal SO2 in the descending aorta in the fetus?

A

55%

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97
Q

What is the normal SO2 in the SVC in the fetus?

A

25%

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98
Q

What is the normal pulmonary blood flow in the fetus?

A

10% CO (CO = CVO)

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99
Q

What is the normal placental blood flow in the fetus?

A

60% CO

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100
Q

When does closure of the FO occur in the neonate?

A

Minutes to hours

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101
Q

When does the FO become fused in the neonate?

A

48hrs

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102
Q

How long does it take for the DA to close in the neonate?

A

48hrs

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103
Q

How long does it take for fibrosis of the DA to occur in the fetus?

A

3 weeks

104
Q

When does closure of the DV occur in the neonate?

A

3 - 10 days

105
Q

What is the normal PaO2?

A

13.3 kPa

106
Q

What is the normal SaO2?

A

97%

107
Q

What is the normal CaO2?

A

20 ml/dl (1.5% dissolved)

108
Q

What is the normal PVO2?

A

5.3 kPa

109
Q

What is the normal SvO2?

A

75%

110
Q

What is the normal CvO2?

A

15 ml/dl

111
Q

What is the normal P50O2 of HbF?

A

2.5 kPa

112
Q

What is the normal P50O2? (HbA)

A

3.5 kPa

113
Q

What is the normal P50O2 (myoglobin)?

A

0.13 kPa

114
Q

What is the normal A-a gradient?

A

1 kPa per 25 years age

115
Q

Where does the OHDC inflection point occur?

A

8 kPa / 90%

116
Q

How many nephrons per kidney?

A

1 million

117
Q

What is the normal GFR?

A

125 ml/min

180 L/day

118
Q

What is the normal filtration fraction?

A

20%

119
Q

What is the normal hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus?

A

50 mmHg

120
Q

What is the normal hydrostatic pressure in the BC?

A

10 mmHg

121
Q

What is the normal plasma oncotic pressure?

A

25 mmHg

122
Q

What is the normal oncotic pressure in the BC?

A

0 mmHg

123
Q

What is the normal urine pH?

A

4.4 - 8

124
Q

How much glucose is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

100%

125
Q

How much amino acids in reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

100%

126
Q

How much bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

80%

127
Q

How much Cl is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

80%

128
Q

How much water is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

70%

129
Q

How much sodium is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

70%

130
Q

How much potassium is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

60%

131
Q

How much urea is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

50%

132
Q

What is sodium reabsorption in the PCT, loop of henle, DCT and CD?

A

PCT - 70%

LOH - 20% (AL only)

DCT - 5% (aldosterone)

CD - 3% (ANP)

133
Q

What % of H2O is reabsorbed in the PCT, LOH, DCT and CD?

A

PCT - 75%

LOH - 10% (DL only)

DCT - 0%

CD - 0-15% (ADH)

134
Q

What is the Tmax for glucose reabsorption?

A

300 mg/min

135
Q

What is the glucose reabsorption threshold?

A

11 mmol/l

136
Q

What is the normal daily glucose reabsorption?

A

160 g

137
Q

What % of brain, blood and CSF occupy the skull?

A

Brain 80%

Blood 12%

CSF 8%

138
Q

What is the normal ICP?

A

10 - 15 mmHg

139
Q

What is the normal CPP?

A

>70 mmHg

140
Q

What is the normal pressure of CSF?

A

< 20 mmHg

141
Q

What is the normal volume of CSF?

A

150 ml

142
Q

What is the normal production of CSF per minute and daily?

A

0.3 ml/min

Daily - 500ml

143
Q

What is the normal glucose in CSF?

A

2/3 plasma

144
Q

What is the normal protein in CSF?

A

< 0.4 g/l

145
Q

What is the normal pH of CSF?

A

7.3 - 7.4

146
Q

What is the normal SG of CSF?

A

1.007 (heavy bupivacaine 1.026)

147
Q

What does CSF have less than compared to plasma?

A

Potassium

Calcium

Bicarbonate

148
Q

What does CSF have that is equal to plasma?

A

Sodium (or can be greater)

149
Q

What does CSF have greater than plasma?

A

Magnesium

Chloride

150
Q

What is the normal synaptic cleft width?

A

30 - 50 nm

151
Q

What is the normal synaptic delay?

A

0.5 ms

152
Q

What are alpha EEG waves?

A

8 - 13 Hz (increase when eyes close)

153
Q

What are beta EEG waves?

A

13 - 30 Hz (increased by sedatives, frontal)

154
Q

What are theta EEG waves?

A

3- 8 Hz (normal in sleep)

155
Q

What are delta EEG waves?

A

< 3 Hz (normal in sleep/kids)

156
Q

What are meissners corpuscles?

A

Touch

157
Q

What are ruffini corpuscles?

A

Proprioception

158
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles?

A

Proprioception/vibration

159
Q

What size and speed are Aα fibres?

A

10 - 20 µm

100-120 m/s

160
Q

What size and speed are Aβ fibres?

A

5-­‐10 µm

50 m/s

161
Q

What size and speed are Aγ fibres?

A

2-­‐5 µm
25 m/s

162
Q

What size and speed are Aδ fibres?

A

2-­‐5 µm
25 m/s

163
Q

What size and speed are B fibres?

A

3 µm
10 m/s

164
Q

What size and speed are C fibres?

A

1 µm
1 m/s

165
Q

What is normal cerebral metabolic rate of O2?

A

3.5 ml/100g/min

166
Q

What is normal whole brain CMRO2?

A

50 ml/min

167
Q

How does warming the brain by 1C affect CMRO2?

A

Increases by 8%

168
Q

How does cooling the brain by 1C affect CMRO2?

A

Decreases CMRO2 by 7%

169
Q

What is the CMRO2 at 27C?

A

Decreases CMRO2 by 50%

170
Q

What is the cerebral blood flow at 27C?

A

Decreased by 70%

171
Q

What is the RMP of cardiac myocytes?

A
  • 90mV
172
Q

What is the threshold of cardiac myocytes?

A

-70 mV

173
Q

What is the spike potential of cardiac myocytes?

A

+30 mV

174
Q

What is the AP duration of cardiac myocytes?

A

250 ms

175
Q

What is the ARP duration in cardiac myocytes?

A

200 ms

176
Q

What is the RRP duration in cardiac myocytes?

A

50 ms

177
Q

What is the speed of Purkinje conduction?

A

4 m/s

178
Q

What is the RMP of neurones and skeletal muscle?

A
  • 70mV
179
Q

What is the threshold of neurone and skeletal muscles?

A

-50 mV

180
Q

What is the spike potential of neurones and skeletal muscle?

A

+30 mV

181
Q

What is the AP duration of neurones and skeletal muscle?

A

1 ms

182
Q

How many calories are stored in glycogen?

A

2000 kcal

183
Q

How many calories are stored in protein?

A

25000 kcal

184
Q

How many calories are stored in fat?

A

135 000 kcal

185
Q

What is the MRO2 of the heart at rest and in exercise?

A

Rest - 10ml/100g/min

Exercise - 70ml/100g/min

186
Q

What is the MRO2 of the kidneys?

A

5ml/100g/min

187
Q

What is the whole body DO2?

A

1000 ml/min

188
Q

What is the critical DO2?

A

300ml/min

189
Q

What is the whole body VO2?

A

250 ml/min

190
Q

What is whole body VCO2?

A

200 ml/min

191
Q

What is the whole body O2 extraction ratio?

A

25%

192
Q

What is the heart’s O2 extraction ratio?

A

60%

193
Q

What’s the brains O2 extraction ratio?

A

35%

194
Q

What is the muscles O2 extraction ratio?

A

40%

195
Q

What is the liver’s O2 extraction ratio?

A

20% (but low O2 supply)

196
Q

What is the kidney’s O2 extraction ratio?

A

10%

197
Q

Where is heat lost in theatre?

A

Radiation 40%

Convection 30%

Evaporation 20%

Respiration 10%

198
Q

What is the hepatic blood supply?

A

Portal vein 70% blood (40% O2)

Hepatic artery 30% (60% O2)

SpvO2 70%

199
Q

What is the total body water from age 2 onwards?

A

60% of mass, 42L

200
Q

What is the ICF vs ECF?

A

ICF = 2/3 TBW (28L)

ECF = 1/3 TBW (14L)

201
Q

What is ISF?

A

3/4 ECF (10.5L)

202
Q

What is plasma?

A

1/4 ECF (3.5L)

203
Q

What are the fluid compartments in the neonate?

A

TBW 75% mass

ICF 55% TBW

ECF 45% TBW

204
Q

What is pH 6 as H+?

A

1000 nmol/l

205
Q

What is pH 7 as H+?

A

100 nmol/l

206
Q

What is pH 7.35 in H+?

A

45 nmol/l

207
Q

What is pH 7.4 in H+?

A

40 nmol/l

208
Q

What is pH 7.45 in H+?

A

35 nmol/l

209
Q

What is pH 8 in H+?

A

10 nmol/l

210
Q

What is the normal plasma values for Na, K, Calc, Mg, Cl and bicarb?

A

Na = 125-140 mmol/l

K = 3.5-5 mmol/l

Ca = 2.15 - 2.65 mmol/l

Mg = 0.70 - 1.05 mmol/l

Cl = 95 - 105 mmol/l

HCO3 = 21 - 28 mmol/l

211
Q

What are normal protein and albumin values?

A

Protein 60-80 g/l

Albumin 35-50 g/l

212
Q

What is a normal anion gap?

A

< 12 mmol/l

213
Q

What is a normal osmolar gap?

A

< 10 mosm/kg

214
Q

What is normal osmolality?

A

280 - 300 mosm/kg

215
Q

What are the normal intracellular values for K, Mg, Na, Ca, HCO3, Cl and pH?

A

K = 150 mmol/l

Mg = 20 mmol/l

Na = 10 mmol/l

Ca = 1 mmol/l

HCO3 = 10 mmol/l

Cl = 3 mmol/l

pH = 7

216
Q

What are the daily requirements for Na, K, H20, energy, carbohydrate/fat and protein?

A

Na = 1 mmol/kg/day

K = 1mmol/kg/day

H2O = 30ml/kg/day

Energy = 30 kcal/kg/day

Carbohydrate/fat = 50% energy each

Protein = 1.5 g/kg/day

217
Q

What are the different classifications of BMI?

A

< 18.5 Underweight

18.5 - 25 Normal

25-30 Overweight

30-35 Class 1 obesity

35 - 40 Class 2 obesity

>40 Class 3 obesity

218
Q

What are the pKas of the buffer systems?

A

Bicarbonate 6.1

Phosphate 6.8

Amino acids 7.4

Haemoglobin 7.8

Ammonia 9.0

219
Q

What is the production of metabolic acids per day?

A

0.1 mol/day

220
Q

What is the production of CO2 per day?

A

12 mol/day

221
Q

What is the vascular effects of increased H+?

A

Increased PVR

Decreased SVR

Increased CBF

222
Q

What is the vascular effect of increased pCO2?

A

Increased PVR

Decreased SVR

Increased CBF

223
Q

What are the vascular effects of decreased pO2 in the arteries?

A

Increased PVR

Increased SVR

Increased CBF

224
Q

What is the molecular size of albumin?

A

67 kDa

225
Q

What size of molecule will be filtered at the glomerulus?

A

< 7 kDa

226
Q

What size of molecule will be blocked at the glomerulus?

A

> 70 kDa

227
Q

What size of molecules can be transferred to the placenta?

A

< 0.5 kDa

Will block molecules > 1kDa

228
Q

Which cytokines are inflammatory?

A

IL1

IL6

IL8

TNF

229
Q

What cytokines are non-inflammatory?

A

IL10

230
Q

What type of molecule are cytokines?

A

Glycoproteins

231
Q

What type of molecule is surfactant?

A

Phospholipid

232
Q

What type of molecule is ADH?

A

Polypeptide

233
Q

What type of molecule is vasopressin/oxytocin?

A

Nonapeptide

234
Q

What chromosome does sux apnoea affect?

A

Chromosome 3

235
Q

What chromosome does MH affect?

A

Chromosome 19

236
Q

What chromosome does alpha globin affect?

A

Chromosome 16

237
Q

What chromosome does beta globin affect?

A

Chromosome 11

238
Q

How many carbons does glucose, pyruvate and lactate have?

A

Glucose 6C

Pyruvate 3C

Lactate 3C

239
Q

How many carbons does Acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate and citrate have?

A

Acetyl CoA 2C

Oxaloacetate 4C

Citrate 6C

240
Q

How many carbons do alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate have?

A

Alpha ketoglutarate 5C

Succinate 4C

241
Q

How many ATP does glycolysis produce?

A

2 ATP net gain

242
Q

How many ATP does aerobic metabolism produce?

A

38 ATP (net gain)

243
Q

What is brain ketone use after 72hrs? And what is the max %?

A

30% after 72hrs

70% max

244
Q

What is gastric pH?

A

2

245
Q

What is the LOS barrier pressure?

A

15-30 mmHg

246
Q

What is normal insulin/day?

A

30 units/day

247
Q

What is intraocular pressure?

A

10-15 mmHg

248
Q

What is lactate production normally?

A

1500 mmol/day

249
Q

What is the hepatic clearance of citrate?

A

3g every 5 mins

250
Q

How much citrate is in 1 unit of PRCs?

A

3g

251
Q

What does cryprecipitate contain?

A

Fibrinogen

Von Willebrand Factor

Factor 8

Factor 13

252
Q

How much hepatic glycogen does the liver have?

A

100g

253
Q

How much glycogen do the muscles have?

A

400g

254
Q

How much lymph is produced per day?

A

2 L/day (10% filtrate)

255
Q
A
256
Q
A

FRCA Notes (5 decks)

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