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Y2 Dermatology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

A

Keratin layer
Granular layer
Prickle cell layer
Basal layer

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2
Q

What 3 other names cell types exist in the epidermis?

A

Langerhans cells
Melanocytes
Merkel cells

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3
Q

What is the name for the extra gland found in selective areas of the body (e.g armpits and groin)

A

Apocrine glands

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4
Q

What is the formal name for a sweat gland?

A

Eppicrine

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5
Q

What shape of cells are found in the basal layer?

A

Small cuboidal cells usually 1 cell thick

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6
Q

What shape of cells are found in the prickle cell layer?

A

Larger polyhedral cells

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7
Q

What connects the basal layer to the prickle cell layer?

A

The basal layer intermediate filaments to the desmosomes of the prickle cell layer

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8
Q

What gives the prickle cell layer its name

A

The many desmosomes between the cells

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9
Q

What shape of cells are found in the granular layer

A

Flatters cells which are usually 2-3 cells thick

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10
Q

What gives the granular layer its name?

A

Large keratohyalin granules

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11
Q

What do the keratohylain granules of the granular layer contain?

A

Structural filaggrin

Involucrin proteins

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12
Q

What is the function of structural filaggrin?

A

Acts to regulate epidermal homeostasis

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13
Q

What is the function of involucrin proteins?

A

Involved in the cell envelopes of cornocytes

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14
Q

Where are odland bodies found and what do they do?

A

In the granular layer

They are a repository site for lipids

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15
Q

What process occurs for a kerantinocyte to become a corneocyte?

A

Terminal differentiation by nuclear degradation

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16
Q

What cell type form the keratin layer?

A

Corneocytes

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17
Q

Where are lamellar granules found and what do they do?

A

They are in the keratin layer and they release lipids

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18
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Melanocytes are found in and above the basal layer

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19
Q

What is a melanocyte?

A

A specialized pigment producing dendritic cell

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20
Q

What is the specialized organelle of a melanocyte called?

A

Melanosomes

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21
Q

What is converted to melanin in melanocytes?

A

Tyrosine

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22
Q

What is tyrosine converted to by a melanocyte?

A

Melanin

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of melanin and what are their colours?

A

Eumelanin, brown or black

Phaeomelanin, red or yellow

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24
Q

What happens when when a melanosome is full?

A

It is exocytoses to an adjacent keratinocyte via its dendrites

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25
Q

What is the origin of a langerhans cell?

A

Mesenchymal

From the bone marrow

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26
Q

Where do langerhans cells occupy in the epidermis?

A

Prickle cell layer

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27
Q

Besides from the epidermis where else can langerhans cells by found?

A

Dermis

Lymph nodes

28
Q

What is the function of a langerhans cell?

A

Act as an antigen presenting cell

29
Q

What does a Birbeck granule on histology tell you?

A

The observed cell is a langerhans cell?

30
Q

What is the other name for a racket organelle?

A

Birbeck granule

31
Q

Where are merkel cells found?

A

Sits on the basal layer between keratinocytes and nerve fibers

32
Q

What is the function of a merkel cell?

A

Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors

33
Q

What is the latin term for a hair follicle?

A

Pilo-sebaceous unit

34
Q

What are the 3 phases of hair growth?

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

35
Q

What is the anagen phase of hair growth?

A

The active growing phase

36
Q

How long does anagen phase of hair growth take?

A

3-7 years

37
Q

What % of the hair is at anagen phase at any time?

A

~90%

38
Q

What is the catagen phase of hair growth?

A

The involving phase

Slow backwards growth

39
Q

How long does catagen phase of hair growth take?

A

3-4 weeks

40
Q

What % of the hair is at catagen phase at any time?

A

~10%

41
Q

What is the telogen phase of hair growth?

A

The resting phase / the sheading phase

42
Q

What % of the hair is at telogen phase at any time?

A

< 1%

43
Q

What is the growth rate of nails?

A

The growth rate is ~0.1mm daily

44
Q

Do finger or toe nails grow faster?

A

Finger nails

45
Q

Do nails grow faster in winter or summer?

A

Summer

46
Q

What is the meeting of the epidermis and dermis called?

A

The dermo-epidermal junciton

47
Q

What are the 2 interfaces of the dermo-epidermal junciton

A

The dermis

The lamina lucida

48
Q

What is the majority cell of the dermis?

A

fibroblasts

49
Q

Besides from fibroblasts what other cells are found in the dermis?

A

Macrophages
Mast cells
Lymphocytes
Langerhans cells

50
Q

What do cells of the dermis “sit in”?

A

Ground substance

51
Q

What is ground substance?

A

A protein rich “jelly” which bathes the cells of the dermis

52
Q

What are the 3 levels of the dermal interface?

A

Lamina lucida
Lamina densa
Sub-lamina densa zone

53
Q

Describe the lamina lucida

A

The most superfical layer of the dermal interface

An electron sparse area

54
Q

Describe the lamina densa

A

The 2nd layer of the dermal interface

An electron dense area

55
Q

What provides somatic sensory stimulation to the dermis?

A

Free nerve ending
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles

56
Q

How do pacinian and meissners corpuscles vary?

A

Pacinian corpuscles are for pressure whereas Meissner’s are for tactile sensation (vibrations)

57
Q

What is a sebaceous gland?

A

The oil gland to a hair strand part of the pilo-sebaceous unit

58
Q

What are apocrine glands dependent upon?

A

Androgen

59
Q

What supplies (nervous) the eccrine glands?

A

Sympathetic cholingeric nerve supply

60
Q

What can trigger the sympathetic cholingeric nerve supply to eccrine glands?

A

Mental factors
Thermal factors
Gustatory factors

61
Q

What is a gustatory response?

A

The way hot/spicy foots can make you sweat

62
Q

What is skin type I?

A

Burns easily, Unable to tan

63
Q

What is skin type II?

A

Burns easily can tan with prolonged exposure

64
Q

What is skin type III?

A

Tans relatively well but can burn

65
Q

What is skin type IV?

A

Tans well, very rarely will burn

66
Q

What is skin type V?

A

“Brown skin”

67
Q

What is skin type VI?

A

“Black skin”

Y2 Dermatology (15 decks)

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