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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Highest and lowest frequency sleep waves

A

Gamma and delta respectively

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2
Q

In which stage of sleep, k complexes and sleep spindles are seen

A

STAGE 2 NREM

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3
Q

In rapid eye movement sleep, wha can we experience?

A

PGO Spikes
Paradoxical sleep
Paralysis( Muscle Atonia)
Genital organ enlargement

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4
Q

Which all muscles are excluded from the paralysis of sleep

A

EOM

Diaphragm

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5
Q

1 NREM-REM Sleep =how many minutes

A

90 min/ 1and a 1/2 hours

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6
Q

Stage 2 NREM promotes how many percentage of sleep?

A

45%

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7
Q

What promotes wakefulness

A

RAS

Lateral nucleus of hypothalamus

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8
Q

What promotes sleep

A

PON

Melatonin

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9
Q

Which drug can stimulate wakefulness?

A

Orexin

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10
Q

Mutation in orexin can lead to?

A

Narcolepsy

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11
Q

Which drug can we give to promote sleep?

A

Ramelteon

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12
Q

In which stage, can we see somnambulism

A

S 3 and 4

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13
Q

In which stage can we see sleep bruxism

A

S 2 NREM

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14
Q

Night mares are seen in

A

REM

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15
Q

Subconscious memory aka

A

Implicit memory

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16
Q

If hippocampus undergo lesion, which amnesia can be experienced?

A

Anterograde

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17
Q

What are the triad of an alcoholic

A

Confusion
Ataxia
Memory loss

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18
Q

What syndrome correlates with the symptoms of an alcoholic

A

Wericke korsakoff psychosis

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19
Q

Procedural memory is promoted by which nucleus

A

Caudate nucleus

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20
Q

Cognition is promoted by which nucleus

A

Basal ganglia

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21
Q

What is the Brain of GIT

A

Enteric Nervous System

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22
Q

How much is the gastric pH

A

1.5-3

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23
Q

How much is the alkaline ph

A

8.3

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24
Q

Where is the maximum secretion seen

A

Gastric secretion

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25
Q

Which gland secretes lingual lipase

A

Ebners Gland

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26
Q

How much is the maximum gastric secretion

A

2.5 L/ day

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27
Q

If some autoantibodies attack parietal cells..what can happen

A

No acid secretion

  • Achlorhydria
  • Anemia
  • Pernicious Anemia
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28
Q

What percentage of acid is secreted while we see food?

A

20%

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29
Q

70%Acid is secreted on which phase?

A

Gastric phase

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30
Q

What is known as the secretion for survival?

A

Pancreatic

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31
Q

Which Enzyme converts trypsinogen to trypsin

A

Enterokinase

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32
Q

Which is known as the nature’s antacid?

A

Secretin

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33
Q

Cholagogues r

A

CCK produced from gall bladder contraction

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34
Q

From which plexus, secretion happens

A

Submucosal/Meissner plexus

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35
Q

From which plexus, motility happens

A

Myenteric plexus/ Auerbach’s plexus

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36
Q

Who is the smooth muscle pacemaker

A

Cajal cells

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37
Q

How much is the restless membrane potential of cajal cells

A

-60 to -40 mv

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38
Q

Calcium binding protein

A

Calmodulin

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39
Q

Increased levels of Ach in GIT is called

A

Achalaria Cardia

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40
Q

1 MMC= how many minutes?

A

90 min / 1 1/2 hours

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41
Q

Which is the time keeper hormone in MMC

A

Motilin

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42
Q

Which is the deepest GI cell

A

Chief cells

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43
Q

Only capillary between two arterioles

A

Glomerular C

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44
Q

Integrity of the slit diaphragm are maintained by three proteins.. which are they??

A

Nephrin
Podocin
Alpha actinin

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45
Q

Mutation of which protein causes FSGS

A

Actinin

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46
Q

Steroid resistant necrotic syndrome is caused by the mutation of which protein?

A

Podocin

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47
Q

Foot process of podocytes

A

Slit diaphragm

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48
Q

Normal GFR

A

125 ml/min
Or
180 liters/day

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49
Q

Gold standard for measuring GFR

A

Inulin

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50
Q

Formula to calculate GFR on using inulin

A

GFR=UV/P

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51
Q

Most Commonly used substance for calculating GSR

A

Creatinine

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52
Q

New marker for GFR estimation

A

Cystatin C (Beta trace protein)

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53
Q

Constriction of afferent arteriole can be done using

A

Nor epinephrine

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54
Q

Dilation of efferent arteriole by

A

ACE inhibitors

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55
Q

Some drugs for the vasoconstriction of mesangial cells

A

Endothelin
Ang 2
NE

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56
Q

Renal plasma flow=

A

625 ml/min

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57
Q

How many % is Filtration fraction?

A

20%

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58
Q

What is best to measure to calculate renal plasma flow

A

ParaAmino Hippurate

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59
Q

Maximum sodium resorption happens in which part of the kidney?

A

PCT

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60
Q

Only place where glucose is completely reabsorbed..

A

PCT

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61
Q

Name some SGLT-2 #

A 
Glifosin:
Cana 
Dapa
Empa
Remo
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62
Q

Renal threshold for glucose/ Renal glycosuria

A

200 mg/dl

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63
Q

NaK2Cl- co-transporter is aka

A

Bartin

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64
Q

Counter current system is only present in which part of the filtration system?

A

Loop of Henle

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65
Q

Counter current multiplier is

A

dLOH

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66
Q

Vasa recta is present in

A

Juxta medullary nephrons

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67
Q

Mutation of the NaCl co-transporter can cause

A

Gitelman’s syndrome

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68
Q

Who is the renin producing cells in kidney??

A

JG cells

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69
Q

Renin is activated on Hypotension or Hypertension?

A

Hypotension

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70
Q

Direct renin blocker

A

ALISKIREN

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71
Q

Which structure is the GFR sensor

A

Macula Densa

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72
Q

Life saving hormone

A

Aldosterone

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73
Q

If ENaC overactive, which syndrome prevails

A

Liddle syndrome

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74
Q

What is the potential of SA Node?

A

-60 to -40 mv

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75
Q

Pre potential aka

A

Pacemaker potential

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76
Q

Funny channels aka

A

Hyperpolarisation cyclic nucleotide channels(HCN Channels)

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77
Q

Funny channel blocker (drug)

A

IVABRADINE

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78
Q

Dominant pacemaker

A

SA Node

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79
Q

Gatekeeper of heart

A

AV Node

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80
Q

Physiological delay in AV Node

A

0.1 sec

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81
Q

Conducting velocity of purkinje fibers

A

4 m/s

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82
Q

Which protein forms the cardiac gap jn.

A

Connexin

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83
Q

Widowmakers artery

A

Left Anterior descending artery

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84
Q

For the diagnosis of MI, which segment will we check?

A

ST Segment

85
Q

Normal PR interval duration

A

0.2 sec

86
Q

How many sec will QT Interval last

A

0.4

87
Q

Shortened QT Interval denotes

A

Hypercalcemia

88
Q

Prolonged QT Interval Denotes

A

Hypocalcemia (Tetany)

89
Q

Jugular venous pressure waves are seen in

A

Internal Jugular vein

90
Q

c wave of the JVP waves depicts what

A

Contraction of Right ventricle by the effect of bulging of tricuspid valve into right atrium

91
Q

Duration of cardiac cycle

A

0.8 sec

92
Q

Commonest cause of S4

A

Hypertension

93
Q

Stroke volume=

A

EDV-ESV

94
Q

Ejection fraction=

A

SV/EDV*100 =55-60%

95
Q

Cardiac Output=

A

HR*SV

96
Q

How much oxygenated blood is ejected to 1)liver 2)kidney 3)brain 4)heart

A

1) 1500 ml
2) 1250 ml
3) 750 ml
4) 250 ml

97
Q

Relationship between CO and BP

A

BP=CO*TPR

98
Q

The cause of death conserned with AORTA in Marfan syndrome

A

Rupture of Aorta

99
Q

Where Can we see windkessel effect

A

Aorta

100
Q

Conserning BV: Maximum diameter

A

Vena cava

101
Q

Conserning BV: maximum thickness

A

Aorta

102
Q

Conserning BV: Maximum cross sectional area

A

Capillaries

103
Q

Conserning BV: Blood flow velocity

A

Aorta

104
Q

Conserning BV: Minimum Blood flow velocity

A

Capillaries

105
Q

Conserning BV: Shunt vessels are

A

AV anastomosis

106
Q

Conserning BV: Maximum BP

A

Aorta

107
Q

Conserning BV: Minimum BP

A

Vena cava

108
Q

Site of Gas exchange

A

Capillaries

109
Q

Shunt vessels seen in earlobes, fingertip, skin seen as

A

Glomus bodies

110
Q

Mareys law

A

BP is inversely proportional to HR

111
Q

CNS Ischemic response

A

Last Ditch Stand Mechanism

112
Q

Most potent physiological vasoconstrictor

A

Urotensin

113
Q

Least potent physiological vasoconstrictor

A

NE

114
Q

ET blocker

A

BOSENTAN

115
Q

Drug for pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

Bosentan(et blocker)

116
Q

Analog of BNP

A

Nesiritide

117
Q

Sensory brodmann area

A

3,1,2

118
Q

Motor Brodmann Area

A

4,6

119
Q

Spinal poison that inhibits renshaw cells

A

Strychnine

120
Q

Action of tetanus toxin on renshaw cells

A

Inhibition

121
Q

Which is the only excitatory CELL of cerebellum

A

Granule

122
Q

Basal Ganglia Nucleus n their NT

A

1)Caudate -GABA
2)Putamen-GABA
⬆️(input nucleus)
3)Globus Pallidus-GABA
4)Substantia Nigra-DOPAMINE
5)Subthalamic Nuclei-GLUTAMATE

123
Q

F cells of the pancreas secretes

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide(PP)

124
Q

GLUT-2 abundant in

A

Beta cells of pancreas

125
Q

GLUT-4 present in

A

Heart
Skeletal M
Adipose tissue

126
Q

Function of Insulin

A

⬇️Blood Glucose

⬇️Blood potassium

127
Q

How can we use insulin for hyperkalemia

A

Insulin+dextrose

128
Q

Future hormone of Insurance

A

Insulin

129
Q

Calcitonin secreted by

A

Parafollicular cells of Thyroid gland

130
Q

Most common gene mutation in dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Titin

131
Q

Erb’s Point is located at

A

Left 3rd Intercostal

132
Q

GLP 1 Analogue

A

Exenatide

133
Q

DPP 4 blockers

A

Gliptins

134
Q

Glucose increases if these all are increased

A 
GGEtc
Growth Hormone
Glicagon
Epinephrine 
T3
Cortisol
135
Q

Serum Calcium level

A

9-11mg/dl

136
Q

Hormone that ⬆️ Calcium level

Hormone that ⬇️ Calcium level

A

PTH⬆️
Vit D⬆️
Calcitonin ⬇️

137
Q

Pre potential of heart is attained by

A

Calcium influx
Funny channel
Decrease in K permeability

138
Q

Weight of heart

A

250-300gm

139
Q

Phosphate terminating hormones

A

Parathormone

140
Q

Function of Parathormone

A

🐘Calcium

🐜Phosphate

141
Q

Fn of VitD

A

🐘Calcium

🐘Phosphate

142
Q

Tumor Marker of Medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

Procalcitonin

143
Q

Parafollicular cells of thyroid secretes

A

Calcitonin

144
Q

Sodium Iodide symporter can be seen in

A

Thyroid
Placenta
Parotid
Breast

145
Q

Thyroid peroxidase blockers

A

Propylthiouracil
Methimazole
Carbimazole

146
Q

Pre albumin is aka

A

Transthyretin

147
Q

T4 Analog

A

Eltroxin

148
Q

Insulin

A

🐘bolic hormone

149
Q

T3

A

🐈abolic

150
Q

Hormone showing thermogenic action

A

Thyroid hormone

151
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism leads to

A

Mental retardation

Stunted growth

152
Q

Rx for thyroid storm

A

Propranolol (B#)

153
Q

Analog of somatostatin

A

Octreotide

154
Q

Rx for acromegaly

A

Octreotide

155
Q

Somatomedins aka

A

Insulin like growthfactors

156
Q

Diabetogenic hormone

A

Growth hormone

157
Q

Which are the most abundant lipids in cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

158
Q

Which lipid act as a second messenger

A

Phosphatidyl Inositol

159
Q

Lipid who is a signal for apoptosis

A

Annexin 5

160
Q

Where can we find Cardiolipin

A

Mitochondria of heart

161
Q

Receptor for cholera toxin

A

GM1 Ganglioside

162
Q

Wavelength of UVB rays

A

280-320 nm

163
Q

Rx of psoriasis

A

P UV-A

164
Q

Cholesterol that decreases fluidity

A

Stearic Acid

Palmitic Acid

165
Q

Cholesterol that increases fluidity

A

Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Arachnoidic acid

166
Q

_____maintains the fluidity in optimum range

A

Fluidity buffer

167
Q

What happens if there is a mutation in CFTR

A

Defective chloride ion channel opening➡️cystic fibrosis

168
Q

The peripheral proteins found on RBC

A

Spectrin

Ankyrin

169
Q

The peripheral proteins found on skeletal muscle

A

Dystrophin

170
Q

Which protein is defective in SPHEROCYTOSIS

A

Ankyrin

171
Q

Mutation in dystrophin can lead to

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

172
Q

The lipid anchor proteins found on RBC to prevent hemolysis

A

CD-55

CD-59

173
Q

SGLT-1 present in

A

Intestine

174
Q

SGLT-2 present in

A

PCT only

175
Q

Sodium iodine symporter found in

A

Thyroid Gland

176
Q

Cl-HCO3- Exchanger present in

A

RBC

177
Q

Protein foldings are done by

A

Chaperons

178
Q

Misfolded proteins are destructed by

A

Ubicutin

179
Q

Sorting of proteins done by

A

Golgi Apparatus

180
Q

Synthesis of proteins done by

A

RER

181
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis done by

A

SER

182
Q

The accumulation of Beta amyloid protein leads to

A

Alzheimers disease

183
Q

Mutation of which protein can lead to chediak higashi syndrome

A

LYST protein

184
Q

The mutation of LYST protein can lead to a syndrome called

A

Chediak Higashi Syndrome

185
Q

Which enzyme destroys free radicals

A

Catalase

186
Q

Which structure is conserned with the destruction of free radicals

A

Peroxisomes

187
Q

Pseudocatalase are used for the treatment of

A

Vitiligo

188
Q

Microtubules composed of three proteins

A

Kinesin
Dynein
Tubulin

189
Q

Absence of dynein can cause which syndrome

A

Kartagener syndrome

190
Q

Axon hillock is a part of

A

Cell body

191
Q

Cause for hyperpolarisation in action potential

A

Cl- influx and k+efflux

192
Q

Drugs used to attain GABA inhibition in hyperpolarisation

A

Barbiturates and BZD

193
Q

Depolarisation in SA Node and Smooth Muscle is attained by

A

Ca influx

194
Q

Rx of Malignant hyperthermia

A

Dantrolene sodium (Ryanodex)

195
Q

Dihydropyridine receptor #

A

Nifedipine
Nicardipine
Amlodipine

196
Q

Which among the type of skeletal muscle does soleus belongs to

A

White

197
Q

Neurotransmitter for A delta fibres and c fibers

A

A delta-Glutamate

C-Substance P

198
Q

Pain producing chemicals known as

A

Algogens

199
Q

Most potent hyperalgesic

A

Bradykinin

200
Q

Most potent analgesic

A

Morphine

201
Q

Stimulation of which part of the brain produces analgesia

A

Peri aqueductal grey

202
Q

Only output cell of retina

A

Ganglion cells

203
Q

Funny channels are only present in

A

Retina and sa node

204
Q

Visual perception in occipital cortex is at

A

BA 17,18,19

205
Q

Auditory cortex is at

A

Brodmann Area 41

206
Q

Sup temperol gyrus aka

A

Heschl’s gyres

207
Q

Rx cystic fibrosis

A

IVACAFTOR

208
Q

Triad of Kartagener syndrome

A

Sinusitis
Bronchiectasis
Situs invertus

209
Q

Most potent bronchoconstrictors

A

Leukotrienes

FMGE (8 decks)

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