Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Highest and lowest frequency sleep waves
A
Gamma and delta respectively
2
Q
In which stage of sleep, k complexes and sleep spindles are seen
A
STAGE 2 NREM
3
Q
In rapid eye movement sleep, wha can we experience?
A
PGO Spikes
Paradoxical sleep
Paralysis( Muscle Atonia)
Genital organ enlargement
4
Q
Which all muscles are excluded from the paralysis of sleep
A
EOM
Diaphragm
5
Q
1 NREM-REM Sleep =how many minutes
A
90 min/ 1and a 1/2 hours
6
Q
Stage 2 NREM promotes how many percentage of sleep?
A
45%
7
Q
What promotes wakefulness
A
RAS
Lateral nucleus of hypothalamus
8
Q
What promotes sleep
A
PON
Melatonin
9
Q
Which drug can stimulate wakefulness?
A
Orexin
10
Q
Mutation in orexin can lead to?
A
Narcolepsy
11
Q
Which drug can we give to promote sleep?
A
Ramelteon
12
Q
In which stage, can we see somnambulism
A
S 3 and 4
13
Q
In which stage can we see sleep bruxism
A
S 2 NREM
14
Q
Night mares are seen in
A
REM
15
Q
Subconscious memory aka
A
Implicit memory
16
Q
If hippocampus undergo lesion, which amnesia can be experienced?
A
Anterograde
17
Q
What are the triad of an alcoholic
A
Confusion
Ataxia
Memory loss
18
Q
What syndrome correlates with the symptoms of an alcoholic
A
Wericke korsakoff psychosis
19
Q
Procedural memory is promoted by which nucleus
A
Caudate nucleus
20
Q
Cognition is promoted by which nucleus
A
Basal ganglia
21
Q
What is the Brain of GIT
A
Enteric Nervous System
22
Q
How much is the gastric pH
A
1.5-3
23
Q
How much is the alkaline ph
A
8.3
24
Q
Where is the maximum secretion seen
A
Gastric secretion
25
Which gland secretes lingual lipase
Ebners Gland
26
How much is the maximum gastric secretion
2.5 L/ day
27
If some autoantibodies attack parietal cells..what can happen
No acid secretion
- Achlorhydria
- Anemia
- Pernicious Anemia
28
What percentage of acid is secreted while we see food?
20%
29
70%Acid is secreted on which phase?
Gastric phase
30
What is known as the secretion for survival?
Pancreatic
31
Which Enzyme converts trypsinogen to trypsin
Enterokinase
32
Which is known as the nature’s antacid?
Secretin
33
Cholagogues r
CCK produced from gall bladder contraction
34
From which plexus, secretion happens
Submucosal/Meissner plexus
35
From which plexus, motility happens
Myenteric plexus/ Auerbach’s plexus
36
Who is the smooth muscle pacemaker
Cajal cells
37
How much is the restless membrane potential of cajal cells
-60 to -40 mv
38
Calcium binding protein
Calmodulin
39
Increased levels of Ach in GIT is called
Achalaria Cardia
40
1 MMC= how many minutes?
90 min / 1 1/2 hours
41
Which is the time keeper hormone in MMC
Motilin
42
Which is the deepest GI cell
Chief cells
43
Only capillary between two arterioles
Glomerular C
44
Integrity of the slit diaphragm are maintained by three proteins.. which are they??
Nephrin
Podocin
Alpha actinin
45
Mutation of which protein causes FSGS
Actinin
46
Steroid resistant necrotic syndrome is caused by the mutation of which protein?
Podocin
47
Foot process of podocytes
Slit diaphragm
48
Normal GFR
125 ml/min
Or
180 liters/day
49
Gold standard for measuring GFR
Inulin
50
Formula to calculate GFR on using inulin
GFR=UV/P
51
Most Commonly used substance for calculating GSR
Creatinine
52
New marker for GFR estimation
Cystatin C (Beta trace protein)
53
Constriction of afferent arteriole can be done using
Nor epinephrine
54
Dilation of efferent arteriole by
ACE inhibitors
55
Some drugs for the vasoconstriction of mesangial cells
Endothelin
Ang 2
NE
56
Renal plasma flow=
625 ml/min
57
How many % is Filtration fraction?
20%
58
What is best to measure to calculate renal plasma flow
ParaAmino Hippurate
59
Maximum sodium resorption happens in which part of the kidney?
PCT
60
Only place where glucose is completely reabsorbed..
PCT
61
Name some SGLT-2 #
```
Glifosin:
Cana
Dapa
Empa
Remo
```
62
Renal threshold for glucose/ Renal glycosuria
200 mg/dl
63
NaK2Cl- co-transporter is aka
Bartin
64
Counter current system is only present in which part of the filtration system?
Loop of Henle
65
Counter current multiplier is
dLOH
66
Vasa recta is present in
Juxta medullary nephrons
67
Mutation of the NaCl co-transporter can cause
Gitelman’s syndrome
68
Who is the renin producing cells in kidney??
JG cells
69
Renin is activated on Hypotension or Hypertension?
Hypotension
70
Direct renin blocker
ALISKIREN
71
Which structure is the GFR sensor
Macula Densa
72
Life saving hormone
Aldosterone
73
If ENaC overactive, which syndrome prevails
Liddle syndrome
74
What is the potential of SA Node?
-60 to -40 mv
75
Pre potential aka
Pacemaker potential
76
Funny channels aka
Hyperpolarisation cyclic nucleotide channels(HCN Channels)
77
Funny channel blocker (drug)
IVABRADINE
78
Dominant pacemaker
SA Node
79
Gatekeeper of heart
AV Node
80
Physiological delay in AV Node
0.1 sec
81
Conducting velocity of purkinje fibers
4 m/s
82
Which protein forms the cardiac gap jn.
Connexin
83
Widowmakers artery
Left Anterior descending artery
84
For the diagnosis of MI, which segment will we check?
ST Segment
85
Normal PR interval duration
0.2 sec
86
How many sec will QT Interval last
0.4
87
Shortened QT Interval denotes
Hypercalcemia
88
Prolonged QT Interval Denotes
Hypocalcemia (Tetany)
89
Jugular venous pressure waves are seen in
Internal Jugular vein
90
c wave of the JVP waves depicts what
Contraction of Right ventricle by the effect of bulging of tricuspid valve into right atrium
91
Duration of cardiac cycle
0.8 sec
92
Commonest cause of S4
Hypertension
93
Stroke volume=
EDV-ESV
94
Ejection fraction=
SV/EDV*100 =55-60%
95
Cardiac Output=
HR*SV
96
How much oxygenated blood is ejected to 1)liver 2)kidney 3)brain 4)heart
1) 1500 ml
2) 1250 ml
3) 750 ml
4) 250 ml
97
Relationship between CO and BP
BP=CO*TPR
98
The cause of death conserned with AORTA in Marfan syndrome
Rupture of Aorta
99
Where Can we see windkessel effect
Aorta
100
Conserning BV: Maximum diameter
Vena cava
101
Conserning BV: maximum thickness
Aorta
102
Conserning BV: Maximum cross sectional area
Capillaries
103
Conserning BV: Blood flow velocity
Aorta
104
Conserning BV: Minimum Blood flow velocity
Capillaries
105
Conserning BV: Shunt vessels are
AV anastomosis
106
Conserning BV: Maximum BP
Aorta
107
Conserning BV: Minimum BP
Vena cava
108
Site of Gas exchange
Capillaries
109
Shunt vessels seen in earlobes, fingertip, skin seen as
Glomus bodies
110
Mareys law
BP is inversely proportional to HR
111
CNS Ischemic response
Last Ditch Stand Mechanism
112
Most potent physiological vasoconstrictor
Urotensin
113
Least potent physiological vasoconstrictor
NE
114
ET blocker
BOSENTAN
115
Drug for pulmonary arterial hypertension
Bosentan(et blocker)
116
Analog of BNP
Nesiritide
117
Sensory brodmann area
3,1,2
118
Motor Brodmann Area
4,6
119
Spinal poison that inhibits renshaw cells
Strychnine
120
Action of tetanus toxin on renshaw cells
Inhibition
121
Which is the only excitatory CELL of cerebellum
Granule
122
Basal Ganglia Nucleus n their NT
1)Caudate -GABA
2)Putamen-GABA
⬆️(input nucleus)
3)Globus Pallidus-GABA
4)Substantia Nigra-DOPAMINE
5)Subthalamic Nuclei-GLUTAMATE
123
F cells of the pancreas secretes
Pancreatic Polypeptide(PP)
124
GLUT-2 abundant in
Beta cells of pancreas
125
GLUT-4 present in
Heart
Skeletal M
Adipose tissue
126
Function of Insulin
⬇️Blood Glucose
| ⬇️Blood potassium
127
How can we use insulin for hyperkalemia
Insulin+dextrose
128
Future hormone of Insurance
Insulin
129
Calcitonin secreted by
Parafollicular cells of Thyroid gland
130
Most common gene mutation in dilated cardiomyopathy
Titin
131
Erb’s Point is located at
Left 3rd Intercostal
132
GLP 1 Analogue
Exenatide
133
DPP 4 blockers
Gliptins
134
Glucose increases if these all are increased
```
GGEtc
Growth Hormone
Glicagon
Epinephrine
T3
Cortisol
```
135
Serum Calcium level
9-11mg/dl
136
Hormone that ⬆️ Calcium level
| Hormone that ⬇️ Calcium level
PTH⬆️
Vit D⬆️
Calcitonin ⬇️
137
Pre potential of heart is attained by
Calcium influx
Funny channel
Decrease in K permeability
138
Weight of heart
250-300gm
139
Phosphate terminating hormones
Parathormone
140
Function of Parathormone
🐘Calcium
| 🐜Phosphate
141
Fn of VitD
🐘Calcium
| 🐘Phosphate
142
Tumor Marker of Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Procalcitonin
143
Parafollicular cells of thyroid secretes
Calcitonin
144
Sodium Iodide symporter can be seen in
Thyroid
Placenta
Parotid
Breast
145
Thyroid peroxidase blockers
Propylthiouracil
Methimazole
Carbimazole
146
Pre albumin is aka
Transthyretin
147
T4 Analog
Eltroxin
148
Insulin
🐘bolic hormone
149
T3
🐈abolic
150
Hormone showing thermogenic action
Thyroid hormone
151
Congenital hypothyroidism leads to
Mental retardation
| Stunted growth
152
Rx for thyroid storm
Propranolol (B#)
153
Analog of somatostatin
Octreotide
154
Rx for acromegaly
Octreotide
155
Somatomedins aka
Insulin like growthfactors
156
Diabetogenic hormone
Growth hormone
157
Which are the most abundant lipids in cell membrane
Phospholipids
158
Which lipid act as a second messenger
Phosphatidyl Inositol
159
Lipid who is a signal for apoptosis
Annexin 5
160
Where can we find Cardiolipin
Mitochondria of heart
161
Receptor for cholera toxin
GM1 Ganglioside
162
Wavelength of UVB rays
280-320 nm
163
Rx of psoriasis
P UV-A
164
Cholesterol that decreases fluidity
Stearic Acid
| Palmitic Acid
165
Cholesterol that increases fluidity
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Arachnoidic acid
166
_____maintains the fluidity in optimum range
Fluidity buffer
167
What happens if there is a mutation in CFTR
Defective chloride ion channel opening➡️cystic fibrosis
168
The peripheral proteins found on RBC
Spectrin
| Ankyrin
169
The peripheral proteins found on skeletal muscle
Dystrophin
170
Which protein is defective in SPHEROCYTOSIS
Ankyrin
171
Mutation in dystrophin can lead to
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
172
The lipid anchor proteins found on RBC to prevent hemolysis
CD-55
| CD-59
173
SGLT-1 present in
Intestine
174
SGLT-2 present in
PCT only
175
Sodium iodine symporter found in
Thyroid Gland
176
Cl-HCO3- Exchanger present in
RBC
177
Protein foldings are done by
Chaperons
178
Misfolded proteins are destructed by
Ubicutin
179
Sorting of proteins done by
Golgi Apparatus
180
Synthesis of proteins done by
RER
181
Steroid hormone synthesis done by
SER
182
The accumulation of Beta amyloid protein leads to
Alzheimers disease
183
Mutation of which protein can lead to chediak higashi syndrome
LYST protein
184
The mutation of LYST protein can lead to a syndrome called
Chediak Higashi Syndrome
185
Which enzyme destroys free radicals
Catalase
186
Which structure is conserned with the destruction of free radicals
Peroxisomes
187
Pseudocatalase are used for the treatment of
Vitiligo
188
Microtubules composed of three proteins
Kinesin
Dynein
Tubulin
189
Absence of dynein can cause which syndrome
Kartagener syndrome
190
Axon hillock is a part of
Cell body
191
Cause for hyperpolarisation in action potential
Cl- influx and k+efflux
192
Drugs used to attain GABA inhibition in hyperpolarisation
Barbiturates and BZD
193
Depolarisation in SA Node and Smooth Muscle is attained by
Ca influx
194
Rx of Malignant hyperthermia
Dantrolene sodium (Ryanodex)
195
Dihydropyridine receptor #
Nifedipine
Nicardipine
Amlodipine
196
Which among the type of skeletal muscle does soleus belongs to
White
197
Neurotransmitter for A delta fibres and c fibers
A delta-Glutamate
| C-Substance P
198
Pain producing chemicals known as
Algogens
199
Most potent hyperalgesic
Bradykinin
200
Most potent analgesic
Morphine
201
Stimulation of which part of the brain produces analgesia
Peri aqueductal grey
202
Only output cell of retina
Ganglion cells
203
Funny channels are only present in
Retina and sa node
204
Visual perception in occipital cortex is at
BA 17,18,19
205
Auditory cortex is at
Brodmann Area 41
206
Sup temperol gyrus aka
Heschl’s gyres
207
Rx cystic fibrosis
IVACAFTOR
208
Triad of Kartagener syndrome
Sinusitis
Bronchiectasis
Situs invertus
209
Most potent bronchoconstrictors
Leukotrienes
