Physiology Flashcards
Highest and lowest frequency sleep waves
Gamma and delta respectively
In which stage of sleep, k complexes and sleep spindles are seen
STAGE 2 NREM
In rapid eye movement sleep, wha can we experience?
PGO Spikes
Paradoxical sleep
Paralysis( Muscle Atonia)
Genital organ enlargement
Which all muscles are excluded from the paralysis of sleep
EOM
Diaphragm
1 NREM-REM Sleep =how many minutes
90 min/ 1and a 1/2 hours
Stage 2 NREM promotes how many percentage of sleep?
45%
What promotes wakefulness
RAS
Lateral nucleus of hypothalamus
What promotes sleep
PON
Melatonin
Which drug can stimulate wakefulness?
Orexin
Mutation in orexin can lead to?
Narcolepsy
Which drug can we give to promote sleep?
Ramelteon
In which stage, can we see somnambulism
S 3 and 4
In which stage can we see sleep bruxism
S 2 NREM
Night mares are seen in
REM
Subconscious memory aka
Implicit memory
If hippocampus undergo lesion, which amnesia can be experienced?
Anterograde
What are the triad of an alcoholic
Confusion
Ataxia
Memory loss
What syndrome correlates with the symptoms of an alcoholic
Wericke korsakoff psychosis
Procedural memory is promoted by which nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Cognition is promoted by which nucleus
Basal ganglia
What is the Brain of GIT
Enteric Nervous System
How much is the gastric pH
1.5-3
How much is the alkaline ph
8.3
Where is the maximum secretion seen
Gastric secretion
Which gland secretes lingual lipase
Ebners Gland
How much is the maximum gastric secretion
2.5 L/ day
If some autoantibodies attack parietal cells..what can happen
No acid secretion
- Achlorhydria
- Anemia
- Pernicious Anemia
What percentage of acid is secreted while we see food?
20%
70%Acid is secreted on which phase?
Gastric phase
What is known as the secretion for survival?
Pancreatic
Which Enzyme converts trypsinogen to trypsin
Enterokinase
Which is known as the nature’s antacid?
Secretin
Cholagogues r
CCK produced from gall bladder contraction
From which plexus, secretion happens
Submucosal/Meissner plexus
From which plexus, motility happens
Myenteric plexus/ Auerbach’s plexus
Who is the smooth muscle pacemaker
Cajal cells
How much is the restless membrane potential of cajal cells
-60 to -40 mv
Calcium binding protein
Calmodulin
Increased levels of Ach in GIT is called
Achalaria Cardia
1 MMC= how many minutes?
90 min / 1 1/2 hours
Which is the time keeper hormone in MMC
Motilin
Which is the deepest GI cell
Chief cells
Only capillary between two arterioles
Glomerular C
Integrity of the slit diaphragm are maintained by three proteins.. which are they??
Nephrin
Podocin
Alpha actinin
Mutation of which protein causes FSGS
Actinin
Steroid resistant necrotic syndrome is caused by the mutation of which protein?
Podocin
Foot process of podocytes
Slit diaphragm
Normal GFR
125 ml/min
Or
180 liters/day
Gold standard for measuring GFR
Inulin
Formula to calculate GFR on using inulin
GFR=UV/P
Most Commonly used substance for calculating GSR
Creatinine
New marker for GFR estimation
Cystatin C (Beta trace protein)
Constriction of afferent arteriole can be done using
Nor epinephrine
Dilation of efferent arteriole by
ACE inhibitors
Some drugs for the vasoconstriction of mesangial cells
Endothelin
Ang 2
NE
Renal plasma flow=
625 ml/min
How many % is Filtration fraction?
20%
What is best to measure to calculate renal plasma flow
ParaAmino Hippurate
Maximum sodium resorption happens in which part of the kidney?
PCT
Only place where glucose is completely reabsorbed..
PCT
Name some SGLT-2 #
Glifosin: Cana Dapa Empa Remo
Renal threshold for glucose/ Renal glycosuria
200 mg/dl
NaK2Cl- co-transporter is aka
Bartin
Counter current system is only present in which part of the filtration system?
Loop of Henle
Counter current multiplier is
dLOH
Vasa recta is present in
Juxta medullary nephrons
Mutation of the NaCl co-transporter can cause
Gitelman’s syndrome
Who is the renin producing cells in kidney??
JG cells
Renin is activated on Hypotension or Hypertension?
Hypotension
Direct renin blocker
ALISKIREN
Which structure is the GFR sensor
Macula Densa
Life saving hormone
Aldosterone
If ENaC overactive, which syndrome prevails
Liddle syndrome
What is the potential of SA Node?
-60 to -40 mv
Pre potential aka
Pacemaker potential
Funny channels aka
Hyperpolarisation cyclic nucleotide channels(HCN Channels)
Funny channel blocker (drug)
IVABRADINE
Dominant pacemaker
SA Node
Gatekeeper of heart
AV Node
Physiological delay in AV Node
0.1 sec
Conducting velocity of purkinje fibers
4 m/s
Which protein forms the cardiac gap jn.
Connexin
Widowmakers artery
Left Anterior descending artery
For the diagnosis of MI, which segment will we check?
ST Segment
Normal PR interval duration
0.2 sec
How many sec will QT Interval last
0.4
Shortened QT Interval denotes
Hypercalcemia
Prolonged QT Interval Denotes
Hypocalcemia (Tetany)
Jugular venous pressure waves are seen in
Internal Jugular vein
c wave of the JVP waves depicts what
Contraction of Right ventricle by the effect of bulging of tricuspid valve into right atrium
Duration of cardiac cycle
0.8 sec
Commonest cause of S4
Hypertension
Stroke volume=
EDV-ESV
Ejection fraction=
SV/EDV*100 =55-60%
Cardiac Output=
HR*SV
How much oxygenated blood is ejected to 1)liver 2)kidney 3)brain 4)heart
1) 1500 ml
2) 1250 ml
3) 750 ml
4) 250 ml
Relationship between CO and BP
BP=CO*TPR
The cause of death conserned with AORTA in Marfan syndrome
Rupture of Aorta
Where Can we see windkessel effect
Aorta
Conserning BV: Maximum diameter
Vena cava
Conserning BV: maximum thickness
Aorta
Conserning BV: Maximum cross sectional area
Capillaries
Conserning BV: Blood flow velocity
Aorta
Conserning BV: Minimum Blood flow velocity
Capillaries
Conserning BV: Shunt vessels are
AV anastomosis
Conserning BV: Maximum BP
Aorta
Conserning BV: Minimum BP
Vena cava
Site of Gas exchange
Capillaries
Shunt vessels seen in earlobes, fingertip, skin seen as
Glomus bodies
Mareys law
BP is inversely proportional to HR
CNS Ischemic response
Last Ditch Stand Mechanism
Most potent physiological vasoconstrictor
Urotensin
Least potent physiological vasoconstrictor
NE
ET blocker
BOSENTAN
Drug for pulmonary arterial hypertension
Bosentan(et blocker)
Analog of BNP
Nesiritide
Sensory brodmann area
3,1,2
Motor Brodmann Area
4,6
Spinal poison that inhibits renshaw cells
Strychnine
Action of tetanus toxin on renshaw cells
Inhibition
Which is the only excitatory CELL of cerebellum
Granule
Basal Ganglia Nucleus n their NT
1)Caudate -GABA
2)Putamen-GABA
⬆️(input nucleus)
3)Globus Pallidus-GABA
4)Substantia Nigra-DOPAMINE
5)Subthalamic Nuclei-GLUTAMATE
F cells of the pancreas secretes
Pancreatic Polypeptide(PP)
GLUT-2 abundant in
Beta cells of pancreas
GLUT-4 present in
Heart
Skeletal M
Adipose tissue
Function of Insulin
⬇️Blood Glucose
⬇️Blood potassium
How can we use insulin for hyperkalemia
Insulin+dextrose
Future hormone of Insurance
Insulin
Calcitonin secreted by
Parafollicular cells of Thyroid gland
Most common gene mutation in dilated cardiomyopathy
Titin
Erb’s Point is located at
Left 3rd Intercostal
GLP 1 Analogue
Exenatide
DPP 4 blockers
Gliptins
Glucose increases if these all are increased
GGEtc Growth Hormone Glicagon Epinephrine T3 Cortisol
Serum Calcium level
9-11mg/dl
Hormone that ⬆️ Calcium level
Hormone that ⬇️ Calcium level
PTH⬆️
Vit D⬆️
Calcitonin ⬇️
Pre potential of heart is attained by
Calcium influx
Funny channel
Decrease in K permeability
Weight of heart
250-300gm
Phosphate terminating hormones
Parathormone
Function of Parathormone
🐘Calcium
🐜Phosphate
Fn of VitD
🐘Calcium
🐘Phosphate
Tumor Marker of Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Procalcitonin
Parafollicular cells of thyroid secretes
Calcitonin
Sodium Iodide symporter can be seen in
Thyroid
Placenta
Parotid
Breast
Thyroid peroxidase blockers
Propylthiouracil
Methimazole
Carbimazole
Pre albumin is aka
Transthyretin
T4 Analog
Eltroxin
Insulin
🐘bolic hormone
T3
🐈abolic
Hormone showing thermogenic action
Thyroid hormone
Congenital hypothyroidism leads to
Mental retardation
Stunted growth
Rx for thyroid storm
Propranolol (B#)
Analog of somatostatin
Octreotide
Rx for acromegaly
Octreotide
Somatomedins aka
Insulin like growthfactors
Diabetogenic hormone
Growth hormone
Which are the most abundant lipids in cell membrane
Phospholipids
Which lipid act as a second messenger
Phosphatidyl Inositol
Lipid who is a signal for apoptosis
Annexin 5
Where can we find Cardiolipin
Mitochondria of heart
Receptor for cholera toxin
GM1 Ganglioside
Wavelength of UVB rays
280-320 nm
Rx of psoriasis
P UV-A
Cholesterol that decreases fluidity
Stearic Acid
Palmitic Acid
Cholesterol that increases fluidity
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Arachnoidic acid
_____maintains the fluidity in optimum range
Fluidity buffer
What happens if there is a mutation in CFTR
Defective chloride ion channel opening➡️cystic fibrosis
The peripheral proteins found on RBC
Spectrin
Ankyrin
The peripheral proteins found on skeletal muscle
Dystrophin
Which protein is defective in SPHEROCYTOSIS
Ankyrin
Mutation in dystrophin can lead to
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
The lipid anchor proteins found on RBC to prevent hemolysis
CD-55
CD-59
SGLT-1 present in
Intestine
SGLT-2 present in
PCT only
Sodium iodine symporter found in
Thyroid Gland
Cl-HCO3- Exchanger present in
RBC
Protein foldings are done by
Chaperons
Misfolded proteins are destructed by
Ubicutin
Sorting of proteins done by
Golgi Apparatus
Synthesis of proteins done by
RER
Steroid hormone synthesis done by
SER
The accumulation of Beta amyloid protein leads to
Alzheimers disease
Mutation of which protein can lead to chediak higashi syndrome
LYST protein
The mutation of LYST protein can lead to a syndrome called
Chediak Higashi Syndrome
Which enzyme destroys free radicals
Catalase
Which structure is conserned with the destruction of free radicals
Peroxisomes
Pseudocatalase are used for the treatment of
Vitiligo
Microtubules composed of three proteins
Kinesin
Dynein
Tubulin
Absence of dynein can cause which syndrome
Kartagener syndrome
Axon hillock is a part of
Cell body
Cause for hyperpolarisation in action potential
Cl- influx and k+efflux
Drugs used to attain GABA inhibition in hyperpolarisation
Barbiturates and BZD
Depolarisation in SA Node and Smooth Muscle is attained by
Ca influx
Rx of Malignant hyperthermia
Dantrolene sodium (Ryanodex)
Dihydropyridine receptor #
Nifedipine
Nicardipine
Amlodipine
Which among the type of skeletal muscle does soleus belongs to
White
Neurotransmitter for A delta fibres and c fibers
A delta-Glutamate
C-Substance P
Pain producing chemicals known as
Algogens
Most potent hyperalgesic
Bradykinin
Most potent analgesic
Morphine
Stimulation of which part of the brain produces analgesia
Peri aqueductal grey
Only output cell of retina
Ganglion cells
Funny channels are only present in
Retina and sa node
Visual perception in occipital cortex is at
BA 17,18,19
Auditory cortex is at
Brodmann Area 41
Sup temperol gyrus aka
Heschl’s gyres
Rx cystic fibrosis
IVACAFTOR
Triad of Kartagener syndrome
Sinusitis
Bronchiectasis
Situs invertus
Most potent bronchoconstrictors
Leukotrienes
