Physiology

Question 1

What is an A blood group?

Answer 1

A Ag on RBC surface & anti-B Ab in plasma

Question 2

What is a B blood group?

Answer 2

B Ag on RBC surface & anti-A Ab in plasma

Question 3

What is an AB blood group?

Answer 3

A & B Ag on RBC surface; no Ab’s in plasma

Question 4

What is the universal receipient of RBC?

Answer 4

AB blood group

Question 5

What is the universal donor of plasma?

Answer 5

AB blood group

Question 6

What is an O blood group?

Answer 6

Neither A nor B Ag on RBC surface, both Ab’s in plasma

Question 7

What is the universal donor of RBC’s?

Answer 7

Type O blood group

Question 8

What is the universal recipient of plasma?

Question 9

What happens when Rh- mothers are exposed to fetal Rh+ blood?

Answer 9

Make anti-Rh IgG

Question 10

What does anti-Rh IgG do in subsequent pregnancies?

Answer 10

Crosses the placenta, causing hemolytic dz of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) in the next fetus taht is Rh+

Question 11

How can erythroblastosis fetalis be prevented?

Answer 11

Rho (D) immune globulin for mother at first delivery to prevent initial sensitization of Rh- mother to Rh Ag

Question 12

Which vitamin is a component of Procoagulation?

Answer 12

Vitamin K

Question 13

Warfarin inhibitis ___ ___.

Answer 13

Epoxide reductase

Question 14

What doe neonates lack?

Answer 14

Enteric bacteria which produce vitamin K

Question 15

What is Vitamin K deficiency?

Answer 15

Dec synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C, protein S

Question 16

What carries/protects VIII?

Answer 16

vWF

Question 17

Antithrombin inhibits activated forms of factors_____.

Answer 17

Factors II, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

Question 18

Heparin activates ____.

Answer 18

Antithrombin

Question 19

What does Factor V Leiden mutation produce?

Answer 19

Factor V resistant to inhibition by activated protein C

Question 20

What is used clinically as a thrombolytic?

Question 21

What happens during the first step of platelet plug formation?

Answer 21

INJURY

• vWF binds to exposed collagen upon endothelial damage

Question 22

What happens during the 2nd step of platelet plug formation?

Answer 22

ADHESION

• Platelets bind vWF via GpIb receptor at the site of injury only (specific)
• Platelets release ADP & Ca²⁺ (necessary for cogulation cascade
• ADP helps platelets adhere to endothelium

Question 23

What is the 3rd step of platelet plug formation?

Answer 23

ACTIVATION

• ADP binding to receptor induces GpIIb/IIIa expression at platelet surface

Question 24

What is the 4th step of platelet plug formation?

Answer 24

AGGREGATION

• Fibrinogen binds GbIIb/IIIa receptors & links platelets
• Balance b/w Pro & Anti-aggregation factors
• Temporary plug stops bleeding

Question 25

What are the Pro-aggregation factors?

Answer 25

* TXA₂ (released by platelets) * Dec BF * Inc platelet aggregation

Question 26

What are the Anti-aggregation factors?

Answer 26

* PGI₂ & NO (released by endothelial cells) * Inc BF * Dec platelet aggregation

Question 27

What is Thrombogenesis?

Answer 27

Formation of insoluble fibrin mesh

Question 28

What does Aspirin inhibit?

Answer 28

Cyclooxygenase (TXA₂ synthesis)

Question 29

What do Ticlopidine & clopidogrel inhibit?

Answer 29

ADP-induced expression of GpIIb/IIIa

Question 30

What does Abciximab inhibit?

Answer 30

GpIIb/IIIa directly

Question 31

What is deficient in von Willebrand's dz?

Answer 31

vWF

Question 32

What is deficient in Bernard-Soulier syndrome?

Answer 32

GpIb

Question 33

What is deficient in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia?

Answer 33

GpIIb/IIIa

Question 34

What doe the Acute-phase reactants in plasma cause?

Answer 34

RBC aggregation therby inc RBC sedimentation rate (RBC have a higher density than plasma)

Question 35

Which disorders is ESR inc in?

Answer 35

* Infections * Autoimmune diseases (SLE, RA, temporal arteritis) * Malignant neoplasms * GI dz (ulcerative colitis) * Pregnancy

Question 36

Which disorders is ESR dec in?

Answer 36

* Polycythemia * Sickle cell anemia * Congestive heart failure * Microcytosis * Hypofibrinogenemia