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Hematology & Oncology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of an Erythrocyte?

A

Carries O2 & CO2 to lungs

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2
Q

What does an Erythrocyte look like?

A

Anucleate & biconcave, w/ large SA to volume ratio for rapid gas exchange

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3
Q

What is the life span of an Erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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4
Q

What is the energy source for an erythrocyte?

A

Glucose (90% used in glycolysis, 10% used in HMP shunt)

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5
Q

What does an Erythrocyte membrane contain?

A

Chloride HCO3- & transport CO2 from the periphery to the lungs for elimination

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6
Q

What is Erythrocytosis?

A

Polycythemia= Inc hematocrit

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7
Q

What is Anisocytosis?

A

Varying size

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8
Q

What is Poikilocytosis?

A

Varying shapes

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9
Q

What is an Reticulocyte?

A

Immature erthrocyte, marker of erythroid proliferation

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10
Q

What are Platelets (thrombocytes) involved in?

A

1° hemostasis

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11
Q

What are Platelets derived from?

A

Small cytoplasmic fragment derived from megakaryocytes

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12
Q

What is the life span of a Platelet?

A

8-10 days

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13
Q

What happens when platelets are activated by endothelial injury?

A

Aggregates w/ other platelets & interacts w/ fibrin to form platelet plug

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14
Q

What do Platelets contain?

A

Dense granules (ADP, Ca) & alpha granules (vWF, fibrinogen)

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15
Q

Where is approximately 1/3 of the platelet pool stored?

A

Spleen

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16
Q

Thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction results in ____.

A

Petechiae

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17
Q

What is the vWF receptor for platelets?

A

GpIb

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18
Q

What is the Fibrinogen receptor for platelets?

A

GpIIb/IIIa

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19
Q

What are Leukocytes divided into?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil) & mononuclear cells (monocytes, lymphocytes)

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20
Q

What are Leukocytes responsible for?

A

Defense against infections

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21
Q

What is the normal level of Leukocytes?

A

4,000-10,000 cells/mm3

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22
Q

What is the WBC differential from highest to lowest?

A
  • Neutrophils (54-62%)
  • Lymphocytes (25-33%)
  • Monocytes (3-7%)
  • Eosinophils (1-3%)
  • Basophils (0.0.75%)
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23
Q

What is the acute inflammatory response cell?

A

Neutrophil

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24
Q

When do Neutrophils increase?

A

Bacterial infections

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25
Q

What is the histo of a neutrophil?

A

Multilobed nucleus

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26
Q

What do the small more numerous, specific granules in neutrophils contain?

A
  • Alkaline phosphatase
  • Collagenase
  • Lysozyme
  • Lactoferrin
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27
Q

What do the Larger, less numerous azurophilic granules (lysosomes) contain?

A
  • Acid phosphatase
  • Perioxidase
  • ß-glucuronidase
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28
Q

What is seen in Vitamin B12/folate deficiency?

A

Hypersegmented polys (5 or more lobes)

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29
Q

What does an inc in Band cells indicate?

A

Immature neutrophils reflext states of inc myeloid proliferation (bacterial infections, CML)

30
Q

What do Monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages in tissues

31
Q

What is the histo of a Monocyte?

A

Large, kidney-shaped nucleus

Extensive “frosted glass” cytoplasm

32
Q

What are the functions of Macrophages?

A

Phagocytoses bacteria, cell debris & senescent RBCs & scavenges damaged cells & tissues

33
Q

What is the life span of Macrophages?

A

Long life in tissues

34
Q

What do macrophages differentiate from?

A

Circulating blood monocytes

35
Q

What activates Macrophags?

A

Gamma-interferon

36
Q

What can macrophages function as?

A

Ag-presenting cell via MHC II

37
Q

What is the cell surface marker for macrophages?

A

CD14

38
Q

What are the functions of Eosinphils?

A
  • Defends against helminthic infections (major basic protein)
  • Highly phagocytic for Ag-Ab complexes
39
Q

What is the histo of an Eosinophil?

A

Bilobate nucleus

40
Q

What are eosinophils packed with?

A

Large eosinophilic granules of uniform size

41
Q

What do eosinophils produce?

A

Histamine & arylsulfatase (helps limit reaction following mast cell degranulation)

42
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A
  • Neoplastic
  • Asthma
  • Allergic processes
  • Collagen vascular dz
  • Parasites (invasive)
43
Q

What do Bsophils do?

A

Mediate allergic reaction

44
Q

What do Basophils contain?

A

Densely basophilic granules containing heparin (anticolagulant), histamine (vasodilator) & leukotrienes (LTD4)

45
Q

What is the function of a Mast cell?

A

Mediates allergic reaction in local tissues

46
Q

Mast cells resemble ___ structurally & functionally but are not the same cell type.

A

Basophils

47
Q

What can mast cells bind to?

A

Fc portion of IgE to membrane

48
Q

What happens when IgE cross-links upon Ag binding?

A

Causes degranulation which releases histamine, heparin & eosinophil chemotactic factors

49
Q

Mast cells are involved in ___ hypersensitivity reactions.

A

Type I

50
Q

What does Cromolyn sodium prevent?

A

Mast cell degranulation (used for asthma prophylaxis)

51
Q

What are Dendritic cells?

A

Highly phagocytic Ag-presenting cells (APCs)

52
Q

What do Dendritic cells function as?

A

A link b/w innate & adaptive immune system

53
Q

What do Dendritic cells express?

A

MHC class II & Fc receptor on surface

54
Q

What are Dendritic cells called in the skin?

A

Langerhans cells

55
Q

What is the function of a Lymphocyte?

A

Mediates adaptive immunity

56
Q

What are lymphocytes divided into?

A

B cells & T cells

57
Q

What is the histo of a lymphocyte?

A

Round, densely staining nucleus w/ small amount of pale cytoplasm

58
Q

What are B lymphocytes apart of?

A

Humoral immune response

59
Q

Where do B lymphocytes arise from?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

60
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

Bone marrow

61
Q

Where do B lymphocytes migrate to?

A

Peripheral lymphoid tissue (follicles of LN, white pulp of spleen, unencapsulated lymphoid tissue)

62
Q

What happens when Ag is encountered?

A

B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce Ab & memory cells

63
Q

B lymphocytes can function as ___ via ___.

A

APC via MHC II

64
Q

What do Plasma cells produce?

A

Large amounts of Ab specific to a particular Ag

65
Q

What is the histo of a Plasma cell?

A

Off-center nucleus, clock-face chromatin distribution, abundant RER & well-developed Golgi apparatus

66
Q

What is Multiple Myeloma?

A

Plasma cell cancer

67
Q

What is the function of a T lymphocyte?

A

Mediates cellular immune response

68
Q

Where do T lymphocytes originate from?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

69
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

70
Q

What do T cells differentiate into?

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells (express CD8, recognize MHC II)
  • Helper T cells (express CD4, recognize MHC II)
  • Regulatory T cells
71
Q

What is the costimulatory signal for T cell activation?

A

CD28

72
Q

What are the majority (80%) of circulating lymphocytes?

A

T cells

Hematology & Oncology (7 decks)

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