Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Transition > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchange of 02 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe ventilation

A

Gas exchange between the atmosphere and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the second step of respiration?

A

Gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the third step of respiration?

A

Transport of O2 and CO2 from the lungs to tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is final step of respiration?

A

Gas exchange between the blood and tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

At any constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which two forces hold the thoracic wall and the lungs in close opposition?

A

Intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

Transmural pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe intra-pleural fluid cohesiveness

A

Water molecules in intrapleural fluid are attracted to each other and resist being pulled apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which pressures combine to create the transmural pressure gradient?

A

Negative intrapleural

Sub-atmospheric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure (approx.) ?

A

756mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Approx what is the intra-alveolar pressure?

A

760mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which muscle lifts the ribs and moves out the sternum?

A

External intercostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe inspiration

A

Active process
Increase in size of lungs, decreases pressure
Pulls air in down the pressure gradient until the pressures are equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe normal (quiet) expiration

A

Passive
Relaxation of inspiratory muscles and recoil of lungs increases intra-alveolar pressure
Air pushed out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Outline the pathophysiology of a pneumothorax

A

Air enters pleural space
Abolishes transmural pressure gradient
Lung collapse (as no longer held in opposition with thoracic wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does pneumothorax present?

A

Chest pain

Dyspnoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes the lungs to recoil during expiration?

A

Elastin

Alveolar surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the alveolar surface tension?

A

Attraction between water molecules at a liquid-air interface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Law of LaPlace?

A

Smaller alveoli have a higher tendency to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant?

A

Mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by type II alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does surfactant affect surface tension?

A

Intersperses the water lining the alveoli and lowers surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What causes respiratory distress of the newborn?

A

Surfactant deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is alveolar interdependence?

A

When alveolus starts to collapse the surrounding alveoli are stretched
Exert expanding forces in the collapsing alveolus to open it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the major inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

SCM
Scalenus
Pecs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the muscles of active expiration?

A

Abdo muscles

Internal intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

Volume of air in a single breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Air which can be inspired on top of the TV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

Air expired through active expiration

After normal tidal volume breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

Minimum volume of air in lungs after maximal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the average tidal volume?

A

500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the average inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3000ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the average expiratory reserve volume?

A

1000ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the average residual volume?

A

1200ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air inspired

After normal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

Volume of air in lungs after normal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air moved out

After a maximum inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Total volume the lungs can hold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the average inspiratory capacity?

A

3500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the average functional residual capacity?

A

2200ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the average vital capacity?

A

4500ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the average total lung capacity?

A

5700ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the FVC?

A

Max volume forcibly expelled from the lungs after a maximum inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the FEV1?

A

Volume of air forcibly expired in 1 second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What should the FEV1/FVC ratio be?

A

> 70%

48
Q

Describe spirometry finings in obstructive lung disease

A

Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio

Because FEV1 decreased but FVC stays the same

49
Q

Describe the spirometry findings in restrictive lung disease

A

FVC normal

FEV1 and FVC decreased

50
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation cause in the lungs?

A

Bronchoconstriction

51
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation cause in the lungs?

A

Bronchodilation

52
Q

What is the primary determinant of airway resistance?

A

Radius of airway

53
Q

Dynamic airway compression is pathological and causes disease on young, non-smokers
true/false

A

False

Dynamic airway compression is a physiological process which causes no problems in health airways

54
Q

What is compliance measured as?

A

The work involved in stretching the lungs on inspiration

55
Q

In which conditions would pulmonary compliance be decreased?

A 
Pul fibrosis 
Pul oedema
Pneumonia
Long collapse 
Surfactant def
56
Q

In which conditions would pulmonary compliance be increased?

A

Emphysema

COPD

57
Q

Which pattern does decreased pul compliance show on spirometry?

A

Restrictive

58
Q

How is the pulmonary ventilation in litres calculated?

A

Tidal volume (L/breath) * RR

59
Q

Approx what is the volume in litres of pulmonary ventilation under resting conditions?

A

6L/min

60
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Space in the airway which is not available for gas exchange

61
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Volume of air breathed in and out per minute

62
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

Volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and the alveoli per minute

63
Q

What is the perfusion rate?

A

Rate at which the blood is passing through the lungs

64
Q

Which factor most effects the pulmonary ventilation?

A

Depth of breathing

65
Q

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures?

A

Sum of all the partial pressures = the total pressure exerted by the gas

66
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture?

A

The pressure that the one gas would exert if it was the whole volume of the mixture

67
Q

CO2 diffuses more readily than O2

true/false

A

True

68
Q

What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A

Amount of gas which diffuses is:
proportional to the area of the membrane
disproportional to the thickness

69
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Thin-walled inflatable sacs which function in gas exchange

70
Q

Type II alveolar cells make up the wall of the alveoli

true/false

A

False

It is type I

71
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Amount of gas which dissolves in a constant type and volume

Is proportional to the partial pressure of gas in equilibrium with the liquid

72
Q

How does resp disease impair O2 delivery to tissues?

A

Decreased arterial PO2

73
Q

How does anaemia impair O2 delivery to tissues?

A

Decreased Hb concentration

74
Q

How does heart failure impair O2 delivery to tissues?

A

Decreased CO

75
Q

Describe the co-operativity of Hb?

A

When O2 binds to one globin chain, the affinity for O2 in the other chains goes up

76
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

When the O2 binding curve shifts to the right

77
Q

Describe the structure of myoglobin

A

One haem group per molecule

78
Q

Where is myoglobin present?

A

In skeletal and cardiac muscle

79
Q

What is the role of myoglobin?

A

Provides short-term storage for anaerobic conditions

80
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Protein channels which form low resistance electrical communication pathways between myocytes

81
Q

What is the role of the desmosomes?

A

Mechanical adhesions between adjacent cardiac cells

82
Q

What is the contractile unit of the heart?

A

Myofibrils

83
Q

Which filaments are found in myofibrils?

A

Actin

Myocin

84
Q

How are actin and myocin arranged in a myofibril?

A

Into sarcomeres

85
Q

Actin is the thick filament

true/false

A

False

Actin is thin

86
Q

What is required to form links between actin and myosin?

A

Ca2+

ADP

87
Q

What is the role of calcium in actin-myocin cross bridging?

A

Moves troponin out the way of the binding site on actin

88
Q

Where is Ca2+ released from in the myocyte?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

89
Q

What is Ca2+ release dependent on in the myocyte?

A

Extra-cellular Ca2+

90
Q

What occurs during the plateau phase of muscle contraction?

A

Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels

91
Q

What enzyme is responsible for re-sequestering Ca2++ in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Calcium-ATP-ase

92
Q

What is the refractory period of muscle contraction?

A

Period following an action potential where there can’t be another action potential

93
Q

How is the muscle prevented from contracting again in the refractory period?

A

Na channels closed in plateau phase
K+ channels open in descending phase
Therefore muscles cannot be depolarised

94
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per beat

95
Q

What is the end diastolic volume?

A

Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole

96
Q

What is the end diastolic volume determined by?

A

Venous return to the heart

97
Q

What does the end diastolic volume determine?

A

Cardiac preload

98
Q

What does the Frank-Starling curve state in regards to stroke volume?

A

Bigger then end diastolic volume, bigger the stroke volume

99
Q

What is the optimal length of a skeletal muscle?

A

Resting length

100
Q

What is the optimum fibre length of cardiac muscle?

A

Stretched

101
Q

What does the afterload indicate?

A

The resistance into which the heart is pumping

102
Q

What is the physiological response to increased afterload?

A

LVH

103
Q

Which nerve fibres supply the ventricular muscle?

A

Sympathetic

104
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

A

Positive inotropic and chronotropic

105
Q

Increase in heart contractility shifts the Frank-Starling curve to the….

A

Left

106
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

107
Q

What is the equation for CO?

A

CO = SV x HR

108
Q

Roughly what is the resting CO of a healthy adult?

A

5 litres

109
Q

What is paroxysmal AF?

A

<48 hours

Often recurrent

110
Q

What is persistent AF?

A

> 48 hours

Unlikely to revert to normal sinus rhythm

111
Q

What is permanent AF?

A

Unable to restore normal sinus rhythm

112
Q

How does AF present?

A 
Palps
Pre-syncope
Syncope
Chest pain
Dyspnoea
Sweaty
113
Q

Describe ECG changes in AF?

A

> 300bpm
Rhythm irregularly irregular
Absence of P waves

114
Q

What is atrial flutter?

A

Rapid and regular form of atrial tachycardia

Paroxysmal

115
Q

What is the first line treatment of atrial flutter?

A

radiofrequency abalation

Transition (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions