Pharmacology

Question 1

Give examples of drugs with a broad therapeutic window

Answer 1

Benzodiazepines

Penicillins

Question 2

ED50 is the…

Answer 2

median effective dose

Question 3

TD50 is the…

Answer 3

Median toxic dose

Question 4

LD50 is the…

Answer 4

Median Toxic dose

Question 5

Drug A reaction which modifies the concentration of drug B when it is at its site of action is a…

Answer 5

pharmacokinetic drug reaction

Question 6

Drug A reaction that modifies effects of drug B without altering its concentration in tissue fluid is a…

Answer 6

Pharmacodynamic drug reaction

Question 7

What does penile erection depend on?

Answer 7

NO release from nitrergic nerves and endothelial cells

Question 8

What effect does NO has one penile tissue?

Answer 8

Increase in cGMP to increase blood flow

Question 9

Which chemical terminates NO action?

Answer 9

PDE5

Question 10

Why does fluconazole increase warfarin action?

Answer 10

Inhibits P450 enzyme which metabolises Warfarin

Question 11

What may cause impaired drug metabolism?

Answer 11

Decreased enzyme metabolising capacity

Decreased liver blood flow

Question 12

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

Answer 12

Deterioration of brain function a/w severe liver disease

Question 13

Which drugs may worsen ascites?

Answer 13

NSAIDs

Question 14

Creatinine clearance of <10ml/min indicates….

Answer 14

Severe renal impairment

Question 15

Creatinine clearance of 10-20ml/min indicates….

Answer 15

Moderate renal impairment

Question 16

Creatinine clearance of 20-50ml/min indicates….

Answer 16

Mild renal impairment

Question 17

What occurs in phase I of drug metabolism?

Answer 17

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis

Question 18

What is the aim of phase I drug metabolism?

Answer 18

Makes drug more polar

Question 19

What is involved in phase II drug metabolism?

Answer 19

Conjugation

Question 20

Where do phase II drug reactions occur?

Answer 20

Mostly in the liver

Question 21

What is glucuronidation?

Answer 21

Reaction involving the transfer of glucuronic acid to atoms of a substrate

Question 22

Which endogenous substances are subject to glucuronidation?

Answer 22

Bilirubin

Adrenal corticosteroids

Question 23

Which toxic metabolite of paracetamol is produced in overdose?

Answer 23

N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine

Question 24

Which three processes are involved in renal excretion of drugs?

Answer 24

Glomerular filtration
Active tubular secretion
Passive reabsorption

Question 25

What is the average glomerular filtration rate in a healthy adult?

Answer 25

120m/min

Question 26

Which transporter handles basic drugs?

Answer 26

Organic cation transporter

Question 27

Which transporter handles acidic drugs?

Answer 27

Organic anion transporter

Question 28

Give examples of acidic drugs

Answer 28

Penicillin, probenecid, acetazolamide, thiazides, uric acid

Question 29

Give examples of basic drugs

Answer 29

Triamterene, morphine, amiloride

Question 30

Which type of drug is furosemide?

Answer 30

Loop diuretic

Question 31

What is k(e) ?

Answer 31

The elimination rate constant - the amount of drug eliminated from the body per unit time

Question 32

Aldosterone causing Na+ to be....

Answer 32

Reabsorbed

Question 33

How are half life and k(e) related?

Answer 33

t(1/2) = 0.693/k(e)

Question 34

How doe Ramipril affect potassium?

Answer 34

Causes hyperkalaemia due to decreased aldosterone secretion

Question 35

How does furosemide affect potassium?

Answer 35

Causes hypokalaemia

Question 36

At a steady state...

Answer 36

Rate of administration = rate of elimination

Question 37

Ramipril causes venoconstriction true/false

Answer 37

False | It causes venous and arterial dilation

Question 38

Which enzyme metabolises clopidogrel?

Answer 38

P450

Question 39

Clopidogrel cannot be used with which PPI?

Answer 39

Omeprazole

Question 40

Which enzyme does copidogrel inhibit?

Answer 40

CYP2C19 isoenzyme

Question 41

How is allopurinol excreted?

Answer 41

Renally

Question 42

How is simvastatin metabolised?

Answer 42

Hepatically | But stop in renal impairment

Question 43

How is omeprazole metabolised?

Answer 43

Almost completely hepatic

Question 44

How many half lives does it take to achieve steady state?

Answer 44

5

Question 45

Zero order kinetics describes drugs which are excreted at a....

Answer 45

Constant rate

Question 46

How is LD calculated?

Answer 46

LD = ( Vd * target dose / bioavailability ) * weight

Question 47

What does Sildenafil inhibit?

Answer 47

PDE-5

Question 48

Which medications have a tendency to cause gout?

Answer 48

Loop diuretics

Question 49

How does furosemide enter the renal tubules?

Answer 49

OATs in the proximal tubule

Question 50

Why does furosemide cause gout?

Answer 50

Furosemide and urate compete for the same transporter in the nephron

Question 51

Grapefruit juice cannot be consumed with which medication?

Answer 51

Statins

Question 52

How many days before surgery does Warfarin need to be stopped?

Answer 52

5 days

Question 53

What can be given within 8 hours of paracetamol overdose?

Answer 53

IV N-acetylcysteine

Question 54

What can given with 2 hours of paracetamol overdose?

Answer 54

Activated charcoal

Question 55

Which molecule in the body can inactivate NAPBQI?

Answer 55

GSH (glutathione)

Question 56

What can be given to counteract hypotension after spinal anaesthesia?

Answer 56

Ephedrine