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Transition > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Organised collection of activated macrophages and lymphocytes

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2
Q

Outline the pathogenesis of granuloma formation

A
  • Inflam response triggered
  • T cells and macrophages activated
  • Failure of removal of stimulus leads to persistent cytokine production
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3
Q

Give examples of things that cause granuloma

A 
Sarcoid
TB
Leprosy
Foreign bodies
Silicosis 
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
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4
Q

How do antibody deficiencies present?

A

Recurrent bacterial infections

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5
Q

What is the most common antibody deficiency?

A

IgA

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6
Q

How may secondary hypogammaglobulinaemia come about?

A

Protein loss - nephrotic syndrome

Failure of protein synthesis - lymphoproliferative disease (CLL, NHL, MM)

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7
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Proteins secreted by the liver to act as a “sticky coat” for foreign bodies to boost the immune defense

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8
Q

What are the three main actions of the complement system?

A

Opsonisation
Lysis
Chemotaxis and anaphylatoxin release

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9
Q

C3 is responsible for opsonisation

true/false

A

True

C3b

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10
Q

C3 alone is responsible for cells lysis

true/false

A

False

C3 and C5

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11
Q

C3 and C5 are responsible for chemotaxis and anaphylatoxin release
true/false

A

True

C3a and C5a

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12
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

Kill cells which lack MHC molecules on surface

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13
Q

NK cells require antigen specificity

true/false

A

False - this is what “natural” refers to

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14
Q

NK cells have an extensive long term memory

true/false

A

False

No long term memory

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15
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A

Receptors expressed on phagocytes and dendrites to alert to microbe presence

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16
Q

What occurs following activation of toll-like receptors?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and type 1 interform secretion

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17
Q

Biologic drugs as less effective in renal impairment

true/false

A

False

They are normal proteins and their mechanism if not dependent on hepatic or renal function

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18
Q

What is the molecular target of adalimumab?

A

TNF

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19
Q

What is the molecular target of pembrolizumab?

A

PD1

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20
Q

What is the molecular target of secukinumab?

A

IL-17

21
Q

What is the main action of adalimumab?

A

Anti-inflammatory

22
Q

What is the main action of pembrolizumab?

A

Activates T cells

23
Q

What is the main action of secukinumab?

A

Blocks a specific inflammation pathway

24
Q

What is adalimumab used in?

A

Rheumatic and inflam diseases

25
Q

What is pembrolizumab used in?

A

Malignant cancer

26
Q

What is secukinumab used in?

A

Psoriasis
MS
Arthritis

27
Q

Within how long does a hyperacute transplant rejection occur?

A

Mins-hours

28
Q

Within how long does an acute cellular or vascular rejection of a transplant occur?

A

5-30 days

29
Q

Within how long does chronic allograft failure present?

A

> 30 days

30
Q

Which type of reaction is involved with hyperacute rejection of transplant?

A

Type II

31
Q

Which type of reaction is involved in acute cellular rejection of a transplant?

A

Type IV

32
Q

Which type of reaction is involved in acute vascular rejection of a transplant?

A

Type II

33
Q

What is the pathology present in chronic allograft failure?

A

Fibrosis

Scarring

34
Q

Describe the mechanism of hyperacute transplant rejection

A

Preformed antibody and complement fixation

35
Q

Describe the mechanism of acute cellular rejection

A

T cell, CD4 and CD8 cell mediated reaction

36
Q

Describe the mechanism of acute vascular rejection

A

De novo antibody and complement fixation

37
Q

What is the treatment for acute cellular and vascular transplant rejection?

A

Immunosuppresion

38
Q

Which cell type does vaccination mostly produce?

A

Memory B cells

39
Q

Which antibody is the first to respond in primary infection?

A

IgM

40
Q

Which antibody is the second to react in primary infectin?

A

IgG

41
Q

What are the advantages of inactivated vaccines?

A

Quick to make
Easy to store
Safe

42
Q

What are the disadv of inactivated vaccines?

A

Not very potent
Need multiple injections
Boost shots needed

43
Q

Give examples of whole cell, inactivated vaccines

A

Polio
Hep A
Rabies
Cholera

44
Q

Give examples of toxoid, inactivated vaccines

A

Diptheria

Tetanus

45
Q

Give examples of subunit, inactivated vaccines

A

Hep B
Flu
HPV
Anthrax

46
Q

What are the adv of live vaccines?

A

Strong response
All cell types activated
Single dose

47
Q

What are the disadv of vaccines?

A

Unsafe in some

Stored and handled carefully

48
Q

Give examples of live vaccines

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

Transition (6 decks)

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