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Part 1 Board Exams > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

A

ANP - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. Response to increased atrial pressure
BNP - B-type Natriuretic Peptide. Response to overstretched ventricles

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2
Q

Cardiac phases

A

Phase 0: Na influx into cardiac myocetes causes rapid depolarization - upstroke
Phase 1: Inactivation of fast Na with K efflux with a notch of initial repolarization
Phase 2: Ca influx through L-type ca channels the plateau phase
Phase 3: Inactivation of Ca channels with K efflux - rest of repolarization
Phase 4: Removal of excess Na and Ca with restoration of membrane potential

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3
Q

Digoxin

A

Increasing the influx of calcium> increases the force of contraction

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4
Q

Frank-Starling law

A

Cardiac output is proportional to the venous return
Contraction is proportional to the length of myocardial fiber
Greater blood influx equals greater stretching

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5
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

1st heart sound is closing of tricuspid and mitral valves
2nd heart sound - closure of pulmonary and aortic valves
3rd congestive heart sounds
4th hypertrophic ventricles

systole - between 1 and 2 contraction
diastole - between 2 and 1 relaxation

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6
Q

PQRS

A 
P - atrial depolarization
PR interval - from P wave to start of Q
QRS complex - ventricular depolarization
QT interval - beginning of the Q wave to the end of the T wave
ST segment - end of S wave to start of T
T wave - ventricular depolarization
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7
Q

Heart rate control - sympathetic

A

T1-5, middle and inferior cervical ganglia

Increase heart rate - chronotropism - increase rate of phase 4
Increase conduction speed - dromotropism - decrease the PR interval
Increase force of contraction - iontropism - increase Ca influx in phase 2

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8
Q

Heart rate control - para-sympathetic

A

Vagus nerve via its cardiac branches

Decreases heart rate - negative chronotropism
Decreases conduction velocity - negative dromotropism
Decreases force contraction - negative iontropism

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9
Q

Baroreceptor mechanism

A

Carotid sinus (CN IX) and aortic arch (CN X) relay information to the brain stem

Drop in BP causes heart rate to increase

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10
Q

Poiseullie’s law

A

Peripheral resistance is proportional to viscosity of blood and to the length of vessel
Inversely related proportinal to the radius of vessel (prime effector)

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11
Q

La Place law

A

Pressure is related to the tension, size and shape of the vessel

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12
Q

Pituitary Gland General

A

Master control gland under the influence it is under the control of the hypothalamus
Pars Intermedia - Melanin Stimulating Hormone

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13
Q

Anterior Pituitary Lobe

A

Adenohypophysis
Secretes:
ACTH - Adrenocroticotrpin Hormone. Synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal cortex. excess in Cushings syndome
FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Ovaries produce estrogen. Sertoli cells for spermatogenesis
LH - Luteinizing hormone. Ovulation and the production of progesterone in ovary. Interstitial cells of Leydig in the testis produce testosterone
GH - bone and tissue growth via somatomedins A-C. excess seen in gigantism, decreased seen is pituitary dwarfism
TSH - Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxin. Increased hyperthyroid, decreased hypothyroid
Prolactin - breast development and milk production. does not cause milk ejection

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14
Q

Posterior Pituitary Lobe

A

Neurohypophysis
Hormones are stored in posterior lobe
Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus. Contraction of uterine muscle and myoepithelial cells.
ADH - supraoptic nucleus. Collecting ducts in the kidney. Released by water deprivation. Prevents water from being excreted

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15
Q

Adrenal Cortex layers

A

Zona glomerulosa - Aldosterone
Zona Fasciculata - Cortisol
Zona Reticularis - Androstenedione

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16
Q

Aldosterone

A

na reabsorption from distal convoluted tubule
water retention and an increase in blood pressure
Under the influence of renin from the kidney

Excess - Conn’s syndrome: high Na, hypertension and low K

17
Q

Cortisol

A

Glucocorticoid
Regulates metabolism of: fat, carbs, proteins
Maintains blood pressure via alpha 1 receptors
Decreases bone formation
Suppresses inflammation

18
Q

Androstenione

A

from Zona Reticularis

Gives estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

19
Q

Insulin

A

Found in the Islets of langerhans. Secreted by beta type.
Moves glucose from the blood to inside the cell
Synthesis of fat, glycogen and protein and cell uptake of K

20
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by alpha cells of pancreas
Causes the liver to convert glycogen to glucose - promotes glycogenolysis
Released when blood glucose levels are low

21
Q

Somatostatin

A

Secreted by delta cells of pancreas. or D cells in stomach and hypothalamus
inhibits: growth hormone, renin, insulin, GH, gastrin, glucagon

22
Q

Pepsinogen

A

from chief cells of stomach and in the presence of HCl becomes Pepsin

23
Q

HCl and intrnsic factor are secreted from___

A

Parietal cells

IF is required for absorption of B12

24
Q

Secretin

A

released by S cells in presence of chyme in the small intestine
Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate and water

25
Q

Bicarbonate

A

From pancreatic acinar cells in pancreas and brunner’s glands in duodenum
neutarlizes gastric acid. acts as buffer. protects duodenal wall. makes pH alkaline
With secretin, decreases gastric motility

26
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

CCK
From I cells in duodenum
Contraction of gallbladder and relaxation fo sphincter of Oddi. Bile excretion
Pancreas releases enzymes

27
Q

Exocrine cells of pancreas

A

trypsinogen
chymotrypisn
pancreatic amylase - digestion of starch to produce maltose
lipase - fat into fatty acids and glycerol

28
Q

Endocrine cells of pancreas

A

glucagon - a
Insulin - b
Somatostatin - d

29
Q

Glucagon-like peptide 1

A

resembles glucagon. Secreted by the K cells in duodenum and jejunum
Inhibits gastric emptying

30
Q

Ghrelin

A

P cells in the stomach

Increased before meals and decreased after aeting

31
Q

Motilin

A

Secreted by cells in duodenum
Controls the cyclical movement of teh gut
Increased in the fasting state

32
Q

Blood clotting pathway

A 
vascular
Factor XII activated by damaged tissue
XII activates XI
XI activates IX
IX activates VIII and then X

tissue
VII is activated by tissue damage
activates X

X converts prothrombin to thrombin. Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Forms the clot

33
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

IgG - most abundant, promotes phagocytosis, and cell lysis. passive immunity
IgA - Saliva, tears and breast milk
IgM - secreted early on, promotes agglutination, phagocytosis and cell lysis (opsonization)
IgD - surface antibody on B lymphocytes
IgE - important in parasitic infections and some allergic responses

34
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Relies on activated T lymphocytes
Combats viral and fungal infections. Exposure to foreign antigen.
cytotoxic T lymphocytes - lyse cells carrying antigens
helper T lymphocytes - activated by macrophage - processed antigens. lymphokines are released: interleukin 2-6 and interferon
Suppresor T lymphocytes - inhibit lymphocytic function

35
Q

Kidney endocrine

A

Erythropoietin: Produced by Interstitial cells in response to hypoxia, acts on myeloid tissue in bone marrow and increases production of red blood cells.

Renin: Produced in the juxtaglomerular appartus in response to a drop in BP

36
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone

A

Drop in renal blood flow results in a decrease NaCl delivery to macula densa (located near afferent and efferent arterioles of glomerulus. sensitive to salt concentration
Juxtaglomerular appartus is made up of a segment of distal convulted tubule.
Renin is released from juxtaglomeular cells in the walls of afferent arteriole. causes angiotensin to be secreted by the liver and converted to angiotensin II in the lung by an enzyme

Part 1 Board Exams (5 decks)

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