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Part 1 Board Exams > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammtion of liver with three types
A: fecal/oral transmission of virus, water-borne infection
B: IV drug use and sexually transmitted, chronic carrier
C: former common cause of post-transfusion hepatits

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2
Q

Nutmeg liver

A

Chronic passive venous congestion

Seen in congestive heart failure

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3
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic liver condition with damage fibrosis and regeneration nodules. presents with portal hypertension.
Caput medusae: diluted varicose veins radiating from umbilicus due to portal hypertension

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4
Q

Reyes syndrome

A

Rare cause of childhood hepatoencephalopathy caused by the use of aspirin in children with some illnesses
Chickenpox and influenza

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5
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

malignant hepatoma
Liver cancer associated with Hepatitis B and C, Cirrhosis, raised a-fetoprotein
associated with fungal aflatoxins
Painful hepatomegaly, anorexia, fatigue and weightloss

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6
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of pancreas
Caused by alcohol, gallstones, trauma, steroids, mumps and hypercalcemia
swollen pancreas and leaking enzymes
abdominal pain, blue discoloration (Cullen’s sign) around umbilicus or in the flanks (grey Turner’s)
Nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain

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7
Q

Cholecystosis

A

Inflammation of gallbladder
Fair, fat, fertile, flatuent females over fourty
Right upper quadrant pain
Mostly caused by gallstones - most peopel wuth gallstones are asymptomatic

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8
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

Malignancy arise from pancreatic duct
Painless juandice, clay colored stool if the cancer is in the head of the pancreas
Weight loss due to malabsorption and anorexia
Poor prognosis

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9
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone quality while bone quality is normal
more commpn in post-menopausal women
Senile type is due to lack of growth hormone and more common in older men

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10
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Loss of bone quality with softening of the bone
Decreased vitamin D in adults
Looser’s zone on x-rays of long bones

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11
Q

Rickets

A

Loss of bone quality
Decreased vitamin D in children
Bowlegs and rachitic rosary

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12
Q

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

A

Due to hyperparathyroidism

Brown bone cysts

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13
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Osteitis deformans
Possible paramyxovirus infection
Older people with thickening of bones and deformitis

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14
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Autosomal dominant

Short limbs with normal head and trunk

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15
Q

Charcot’s joint

A

Neuropathic joint disease: joint destruction because of loss of pain
Caused by: tabes dorsalis, diabetes mellitus, syringomyelia, leprosy, leprosy

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16
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

Autosomal dominant
Brittle bone disease
Blue sclera
defective collagen synthesis

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17
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Blood borne infection
S. aureus is the most common
Salmonella organisms in Sickle Cell Disease
P. organsims in intravenous drug users

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18
Q

Osteochondroma

A

Bone outgrowth

Capped by cartilage

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19
Q

Echondroma

A

Most common benign tumor in hand

Expansile benign cartilage tumor in bone

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20
Q

Ollier’s disease

A

Multiple enchondroma

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21
Q

Osteoma

A

Dense mature bone insland in the skull or spine

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22
Q

Giant Cell Tumor

A

Benign metaphyseal bone tumor extending into the epiphysis

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23
Q

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

A

Eccentric soap bubble x-ray appearance extending from diaphysis into metaphysis

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24
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Most common primary bone cancer after 50 years. Nosturnal bone or back pain, recurrent infection, hypercalcemia
Punched out lesions
Raised IgG causing an M spike on serum electrophoresis
Bence Jones proteins in urine

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25
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Second most common malignant bone tumor - most common in teenagers
Seen in patients with Paget’s disease
Codman’s triangle of periosteal elevaton on x-ray

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26
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

3rd most common bone tumor in men 30-60

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27
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma

A

Malignant tumor mimicking osteomyelitis

Onion skin appearance on x-ray

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28
Q

Rheumatid arthritis

A

autoimmune biulateral small joint disease in HlA-DR4 positive patients
Rheumatoid factor 9IgG) in 70-80% of pts
Pannus formation: Inflamed granulation tissue in the joint space destroying articular surface

swan neck, ulnar deviation, boutonniere, metacarpophalangeal joint swelling, proximal interphalangeal joints

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29
Q

Still’s disease

A

juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Affects small and medium size joint pains mainly wrist and knee lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly in kids and teens

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30
Q

Sjorgen’s syndrome

A

Dry eyes, mouth and arthritis
seen in RA and scleroderma
Sommon in women 40-60
SS-A and SS-B antibodies

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31
Q

Felty’s syndrome

A

Splenomegaly
Neutropenia
Seen in patients with RA

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32
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Unknown
Autoimmune disorder: antinuclear antibodies, anti-ds DNA antibodies
More common in younger (black) females
Multiple organ system

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33
Q

Seronegative arthritis

A

Rheumatoid factor is negative
HLA-B27 is positive
Reiter’s syndrome, Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis

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34
Q

Psoriatic arthritis

A

Polyarthritis with silvery scales over extensor aspects
Autoimmune disorder causing rapid turnover of skin
Pitted nails and dactylitis
HLA-B27 + arthritis pair

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35
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Sacroiliitis and low back pain

Bamboo spine and a positive HLA B27 genetic marker

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36
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (like ulcerative colitis)

A

Some patients with uc present with joint pains

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37
Q

Reiter’s syndrome

A

(can’t pee, can’t see, can’t dance with me)
Urethritis
Arthritis - Joint or heel pain
Conjunctivitis
caused by chlamydia or shigella infection

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38
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative disease affecting weight bearing joints
Causes subchondral sclerosis, osteophytes, Heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes

H nodes: Primary osteoarthiritis in distal interphalangeal joints of fingers (females)
B nodes: swelling of proximal interphalangeal joints in OA and RA

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39
Q

Gout

A

Podagra (affects foot) gonagra (affects knee)
due to hyperuricemia
common in males and associated with alcohol and purine-rich foods
Alcohol metabolites compete for xcretion from the kidney at the same site as Uric acid

Acute: 1st metatarsophalangeal joint pain
Chronic: characterized by tophi - accumulation of uric acid crystals in the ear and skin over joint

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40
Q

Lyme disease

A

Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
transmitted by tick
Polyarthritis with bulls-eye lesion
(polyarthritis, extra-articular)

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41
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Acteylcholine receptor antibodies
Major peak incidence in 30+ yo females; second peak in 60+ yo males
Diplopia, ptosis, problems with chewing, fatigue with repetitive muscle use
Tensilon test is positive
80% of females myasthenia pts have thymic pathology (65% have thymic hyperplasia; 15% have a thymic tumor)

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42
Q

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

A

Auto-antibodies to the pre-synaptic voltage-gated Ca channels in the NM junction
Prevents acetylcholine from being released by the vesicles
Seen in small (oat) cell lung cancers
Older male population
Weakness improves with repetitive use
Tension test is usually negative

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43
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

unknown cause, common in females
Autoimmune disorder
Heliotrope rash (reddish purple eyelids and papules on knuckles)
Produces anti-nuclear antibodies
associated with malignancies of lung, breast, ovary, gut

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44
Q

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

A

sex-linked recessive
absence of dystrophin
predominantly males
Pseudohypertrophic calves - Muscle infiltrated by fat and connective tissue. Muscle appears big and strong but is weak.
Death from cardiorespiratory failure before 20

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45
Q

Becker’s muscular dystrophy

A

sex-linked recessive
Inadequate dystrophin levels
Not as severe as Duchenne’s and live 40+ years

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46
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A

Progressive hereditary nerve damage
Peroneal muscular wasting
Inability to evert the foot

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47
Q

Leg-Calve-Perthes disease

A

Ischemia and subsequent avascular necrosis of the head of the femur
Unknown cause
More common in young boys

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48
Q

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

A

Displacement of epiphysis of the head of the femur
More common in overweight children and teens
Possible traumatic Salter-Harris type 1 epiphyseal fracture

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49
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A 
unknown cause
older females > 50 years
Pain and stiffness in shoulder and hips
Malaise and fever
Associated with temporalis arteritis
May lead to blindness
Highly elevated ESR with normal creatine kinase
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50
Q

Spina bifida

A

Neural tube defect due to B9 deficiency in the first trimester. Associated with elevated levels of alpha-feraprotein

  • occulta presents with failure of neural arch to close and with a tuft of hair over a dimple in the lumbar spine region
  • vera is a more severe form with failure of neural arch to close with meningeal herniation under the skin.
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51
Q

Meningocele

A

Protrusion of meninges through defect in the spinal column

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52
Q

Myomeningocele

A

A protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through spinal column defect

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53
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure of brain and spinal column to develop

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54
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of excessive CSF in the ventricles
Obstructive - Caused by obstruction of flow of CSF: non-communicating type
Reversible cause of dementia
incontinence, ataxia, dementia

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55
Q

Arnold-Chiari deformity

A

Small posterior fossa with cerebellar herniation into the foramen magnum
Type-1: cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum
Type-2: C vermis and medulla into the f magnum

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56
Q

Dandy-Walker syndrome

A

Large posterior fossa

Cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle

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57
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Non-progressive motor disorder due to prenatal brain anoxia

Scissors gait is seen with UMN lesion of CP

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58
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Accumulation of blood under dura

tear of dural veins and may be a result of trauma in the elderly

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59
Q

Extradural hematoma

A

Accumulation of blood outside of the dura

Trauma in adults: meningeal artery tear

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60
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Accumulation of blood under the arachnoid
May be due to ruptured berry aneurysm: saccular congenital swelling in a cerebral artery. Increased incidence in adult polycystic disease of the kidney

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61
Q

Cerebrovascular accident

A

stroke
Sudden CONTRALATERAL motor/sensory loss due to interrupted blood supply to the brain.

Transient Ischemic Attacks are similar but are brief episodes of dysfunction caused by small emboli lasting less than 24 hours

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62
Q

Thrombosis vs. embolism

A

T: clot formed in atherosclerotic blood vessel
E: mass of undissolved material in blood vessel brought by the blood

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63
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage

A

Accumulation of blood inside the brain

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64
Q

Meningitis causes

A

N. meningitidis, E. coli, H. Influenza

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65
Q

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease

A

human form of bovine spongiform encephalitis

Mad Cow Disease

66
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

caused by an enterovirus that causes flaccid paralysis due to destruction of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord

67
Q

Congenital syphilis

A

Intrauterine infection of the fetus abd results in keratitis (inflammation of the cornea leading to blindness), deafness, saddle nose, rhagades (linear fissures in the skin at the mouth), Hutchinson’s teeth (notched incisors) and saber shin

68
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Diffuse cerebral atrophy

memory loss, Hirano bodies, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

69
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Pale substantia nigra and decreased dopamine production with lewy bodies, resting tremor, and a festinating gait

70
Q

Huntington’s chorea

A

Due to basal ganglia damage and is characterized by decreased GABA, chorea and mental deterioration in middle-aged adults

71
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

Progressive upper and lower motor neuron lesions in the lower and upper limbs

72
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Patchy autoimmune demyelination with some regeneration in brain and spinal cord
More commonly in younger females
More common in colder climates and is associated with Charcot’s triad:
Scanning speech, Intention tremor, Nystagmus

73
Q

Wernicke’s syndrome

A

Thiamine deficiency seen in alcoholism and deficient diets

74
Q

Korsakoff’s psychosis

A

characterized by memory loss accompanied by lying

Seen in thiamine deficiency

75
Q

Posterolateral sclerosis

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency and results in dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract damage

76
Q

Common Brain Tumors

A

Most common are metastases from breast, renal, gut, airway, skin and elsewhere

Primary brain tumor is most commonly because of glioblastoma multiforme: worst prognosis

Most common in children is medulloblastoma: good prognosis with treatment

Meningioma - benign lesion in falx cerebri, psammoma bodies

Acoustic neuroma - benign tumor in internal acoustic meatus: unilateral deafness and facial paralysis

77
Q

Von Recklinghausen’s disease

A

Multiple neurofibromas in skin, spinal cord and brain with café au lait skin lesions

Type 1 - peripheral neurofibromatosis and may be associated with pheochromocytoma
Type 2 - Central variety and is characterized by bilateral acoustic neuromas

78
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Retardation, microcephaly, indistinct philtrum and maxillary hypoplasia
Poisoning

79
Q

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

A

cherry red skin color

carbon monoxide binds irreversibly with hemoglobin

80
Q

Friedrich’s ataxia

A

Progressive spinocerebellar tract damage, ataxia, scoliosis, speech and heart problems

81
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Dilation of central spinal canal

Cape-like pattern of loss of pain and temperature but intact proprioception and vibration

82
Q

Erb-Duchene’s Palsy

A

Due to C5, 6 roots damage during delivery or sports injury

Waiter asking for a tip

83
Q

Klumpke’s Palsy

A

due to C8 and T1 root damage during breech delivery or sports injury
Claw hand deformity

84
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Median nerve compression at wrist

Pain or numbness in the lateral 3 1/2 digits

85
Q

Elbow Tunnel Syndrome

A

Caused by compression of ulnar nerve at the elbow-pain or numbness along the ulnar aspect of the forearm and medial 1 1/2 digits

86
Q

Cheiralgia paresthetica

A

Compression of the superficial radial nerve near the wrist

Pain over the lateral aspects of the distal forearm

87
Q

Piriformis syndrome

A

Compression of the sciatic nerve when it or a part of the nerve passes through the piriformis muscle
Radiates into the back of thigh and leg

88
Q

Meralgia Paresthetica

A

Compression of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Numbness in anterolateral aspect of the thigh

89
Q

Gonalgia Paresthetica

A

Compression of saphenous nerve at the knee in obese patient

Medial knee and medial leg pain

90
Q

Tarsal Tunnel syndrome

A

Compression of the posterior tibial nerve and results in pain in the plantar surface of the foot

91
Q

Poisoning (alphabet)

A

Anorexia and anemia
Belly pain and Burton’s blue gum line
Clumsiness or constipation
Developmental delays or dementia or drop twists
Emesis - vomiting
Fatigue due to a mircocytic hypochromic anemia

92
Q

Minamato disease

A

mercury poisoning
Excessive mercury in tuna fish in japan
Characterized by peripheral neuropathy
Numbness and hypotonia

93
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

causes a peripheral neuropathy
Damage to vaso nervosa and presents with glove and stocking paresthesia
Accumulation of advanced glycated end products

94
Q

Leprosy

A 
M. leprase
in cool areas: skin and peripheral nerves
Peripheral neuropathy
Claw hand
Loss of outer third of eyebrow
Anesthetic hypopigmented skin lesions
95
Q

Herpes zoster

A

HHV type 3 infection
Dermatomal rash on side
Follows a prodrome of pain and hypersensivity over the same area

96
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

Infectuous ascending demyelinating polyneuropathy
Possible viral infection or immunization
Progressive motor loss starting in legs
May affect diaphragm

97
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Arrested neural crest cell migration
Result in congenital aganglionosis of colon
Affected segment of gut is unable to relax normally
Chronic constipation

98
Q

Achlasia of esophagus

A

due to a decreased myenteric plexus

Dysphagia mainly for liquids

99
Q

Megaesophagus

A

Destruction of ganglionic cells
Caused by T. Cruzi
results in Chagas disease
Dysphagia

100
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A 
Unilateral:
Ptosis
Anhydrosis
Miosis
"PAM is horny"

caused by destruction of cervical sympathetic trunk
Seen with Pancoast (apical lung) tumor

101
Q

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

A

Caused by a severe local dysfunction of sympathetic nerves following minor injury
Pain and swelling in the affected limbs
Common in foot and females

102
Q

Beriberi

A

Alcoholics, dietary deficiency, anorexia, bulimiam hyperemesis gravidarum
Dry - B1 def with peripheral neuropathy
Wet - B1 def with heart failure

103
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff

A

B1 def affecting the brain

Confusion, confabulation, coma in chronic alcoholics

104
Q

Hyporiboflavinosis

A

cracked lips, sore tongue, itchy scaly scalp

105
Q

Pellagra

A 
B3 def
Diarrhea 
Casal's necklace may be present 
dermatitis 
dementia
death
106
Q

B12 deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia
Lack of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of the stomach
Causes: deficient in diet, poor absorption due to disease in terminal ileum
Causes a macrocytic anemia and spinal cord degeneration
Fatigue, ataxia, UMN, urinary and fecal incontinence

107
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Inability to hydroxylate proline and lysine residues in collagen
Weakens the capillaries
Results in scurvy: Tissue hemorrhage with bleeding swollen gums and loose teeth, poor wound healing, impaired bone formation (kids)

108
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Nyctalpia, xerophthalmia (dry eyes) and keratomalacia (soft cornea)

109
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Ricket’s in children

Osteomalacia in adults

110
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Hemolytic anemia
Destruction of red blood cells leadin gto low red blood cell count and low Hb
Fatigue

111
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

Hemorrhagic disease of newborns
Abnomral bleeding from the umbilicus
Preventable with injection of vitamin K

112
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Myxedema and goiter in adults
Cretinism in infants
Severe hypothyroidism in an infant
Caused by failure of thyroid gland to develop: mental retardation, hoarse cry, thick scrotal tongue, umbilical hernia

113
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
Anemia = low hemoglobin and decreased red blood cell count
Red blood cells are small and pale
Excess blood loss

114
Q

Excessive iron

A

Hemochromatosis
Affects the liver, heart and endocrine glands with pancreas and gonads

Arthritis
Bronze skin
Cirrhosis
Diabetes Mellitus
Erection problems
115
Q

excessive copper

A

Wilson’s disease
Autosomal recessive, lack of ceruplasmin - a copper carrying protein in the blood

Asterixis
Basal Ganglia degeneration
Cirrhosis, corneal deposits
Dementia

116
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A

Glomerulonephritis
Associated with streptococcal infections
antigen-antibody complex damage to the glomeruli
Complement system causes inflammation
red blood cell casts in urine
Inflammation of glomerulus causes renal ischemia. Results in renal ischemia by activation of renin-angiotensin system. Causes edema

117
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Idiopathic or diabetes, SLE or drugs
Minimal change damage to basement membrane
Large holes in basement membrane allowing for protein loss in the urine
hypoproteinemia and hypoalbunemia
Edema from low protein content
Hyperlipidemia

118
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Ascending E. Coli infection from cystitis usually
Inflamed collecting tubules and renal pelvis
White blood cell casts present in the urine
Chills, fever, nausea, vomiting costovertebral angle tenderness
Shrunken kidney and hypertension

119
Q

Diabetic Neuropathy

A

Causes nephrotic syndrome
May also case Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease
Kidney damage with nodular sclerosis of glomeruli

120
Q

Urinary Tract Infection

A

Ascending infection with enteric organisms
Commonly due to E. Coli
Dysuria, increased urinary frequency and nocturia
WBC’s, bacteria and nitrites are found in the urine
Reductase which reduces urinary nitrates to nitrates

121
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

Uncommon bladder inflammation
Leakage of urine beneath bladder epithelium
Caused by damage to mucus lining the bladder mucosa
Increased frequency and nocturia
Urinalysis shows white blood cells but no bacteria or nitrates

122
Q

Wilm’s tumor

A

Nephroblastoma or mixed tumor
Most common malignant kidney tumor in children
Presents with a mass in the flank and hematuria

123
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

Most common type of adult renal cancer
Grawitz tumor
Presents with painless hematuria
Mass in the flank

124
Q

Adult polycystic Disease of the Kidney

A

Autosomal dominant disorder
Presents with bilateral kidney enlargement and hypertension
Increased incidence of berry aneurysms of the circle of Willis in the brain

125
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome

A

Affects the parenchyma of the kidney and lung
Antibodies against Type IV collagen fibers
Presents with hemoptysis and hematuria

126
Q

Renal Calculi

A

Stone formation in the ureter and pelvis of the kidney
Calcium oxalate is the most common urinary stone
85% of renal stones are radiopaque
Other types: cystine, uric acid, phosphate

Presents with: severe colicky loin to groin pain and hematuria

127
Q

Asthma

A

Reversible bronchospasm due to hypersensitivity of the bronchi
Extrinsic: allergens, eczema and hay fever; intrinsic: exercise
Bronchial mucosa inflammation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
Presents with paroxysms of shortness of breath and wheezing worse at nights

128
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Chronic dilation of bronchi
Due to bronchial obstruction by mucous plugs
Associated with cystic fibrosis
Copious foul smelling mucopurulent sputum early in the morning

129
Q

Kartagener’s Syndrome

A

Immotile cilia which present with a clinical triad consisting of: chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus

130
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of or incomplete expansion of alveoli

Compression atelectasis: collapse due to external pressure like pleural effusion, pneumothorax

Resorption atelectasis: Collapse distal to an obstructed bronchus by - foreign body, tumor

Contraction atelectasis: Collapse due to interstitial fibrosis and loss of elastic recoil. Commonly seen in pulmonary tuberculosis

131
Q

Emphysema

A

Pink puffers who trend to thin
Alveolar wall destroyed, loss of elastic recoil, good oxygenation

Centriacinar - smoking, affects bronchioles, barrel-chest
Panacinar - a1-antitrypsin deficiency. Affects all pulmonary acini. Destruction of elastic tissue in alveolar wall, younger patients

132
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

blue bloaters who tend to be overweight
Chronic cough over 3 months for at least 2 consecutive years
Bronchial gland hyperplasia due to infection
Cyanosis
Right-sided heart failure

133
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of lung tissue
Lobar pneumonia: inflammation of a lone with red then grey hepatization, S. pneumoniae
Bronchopneumonia: Patchy inflammation of both lungs usually in the bases

134
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

Both lungs

caused by M. or C. pneumoniae

135
Q

Lung abscess

A

Pus-filled cavity in the lung
S. aureus and K. pneumoniae are common causes
Seen more often in alcoholics and epileptics

136
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Occupational lung disease
Caused by inhalation of inorganic industrial particles
anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, siderosis, caplan’s lung

137
Q

Allergic lung reactions to organic dust

A

Byssinosis - Cotton dust from mill workers
Bagassosis - moldy fibrous waste
Farmer’s lung - moldy hay
Silo-filler’s lungs - nitrogen dioxide

138
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

Type IV hypersensitive reaction
Non-caseous granulomas with epiloid macrophages
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary fibrosis-dyspnea and dry cough
Raised levels of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in 40-80%

139
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Ghon focus: caseous granulomas in the lung
epitheloid cells and Langhan’s giant cells
Ghon Complex: peripheral Ghon focus with involvement of regional lymph nodes

140
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Most common lung cancer
chronic cigarette smoking, mining, industrial cities
Squamous cell is most common
Chronic cough, hemoptysis and weight loss
SPHERE

141
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma SPHERE

A

Superior Vena Cava syndrome
Pancoast’s tumor - mass in lung apex
Horner’s syndrome - ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis
Endocrine - paraneoplastic ectopic hormone secretions
Recurrent layngeal damage - hoarseness
Effusions - pleural or pericardial

142
Q

Small cell lung carcinoma

A

25%
Previously called an oat cell carcinoma
Uncommon cause of lung cancer
Associated with ectopic hormone production such as : Parathormone, ACTH, ADH

143
Q

Pancoast tumor

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma in one of the lung apices
Invade roots of the brachial plexus, first rib, sympathetic trunk, subclavian vein or artery
Horner’s syndrome due to damage to the sympathetic trunk in the neck

144
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air within the pleural cavity
Spontaneous - no previous underlying lung disease
Secondary - traumatic, underlying asthma or emphysema
Tension - Trapped air in the pleural space cannot escape and builds up in the space causing mediastinal shift away from the affected side

145
Q

Empyema

A

Pus-filled pleural cavity

Secondary to bacterial infection in the lungs

146
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

Fluid filled pleural cavity
May be exudates (local inflammation) or transudates (system diseases)
- exudates has more proteins

Exudates: pneumonia, TB, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism
Transudates: congestive heart disease, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, liver failure

147
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Malignant tumor of the pleura

Associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos

148
Q

Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum
Primary stage: painless hard genital ulcer. disappears spontaneously
Secondary: maculopapular rash, lympadenopathy, condylomata lata
latent: asymptomatic
Tertiary: thoracic aortic aneurysm, argyl-robertson pupil, gummas, Charcot’s joint, general paralysis of insane, tabes dorsalis

149
Q

Chancroid

A

H. ducreyi
bacterial infection
Painful soft yellow genital ulcer
Swollen painful inguinal lymph nodes

150
Q

Chlamydia urethritis

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
Common cause of urethral discharge in the USA
Mucoid penile discharge
Dysuria

151
Q

Gonococcal urethritis

A

N. gonorrhea
Second most common cause of urethral discharge in the USA
Purulent penile discharge, dysuria, infection of Bartholin’s gland in females

152
Q

Vulvovaginits

A

Candida albicans infection
Opportunistic fungal infection more commonly seen in females
Thick vaginal cheesy discharge with itching
DM and recent antibiotics

153
Q

Condyloma accuminata

A 
HPV infection
Common STD in the USA
Affects more women than men
16 and 18 are associated with cervical cancer
Cauliflower type warts
154
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis

A

Gardnerella species
Fishy-smelling watery discharge vaginal
Vaginal epithelial cells studded by bacteria (clue cells)

155
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

T. vaginalis motile protosoal infection
Malodorous green frothy discharge
Motile flagellates seen on wet mount

156
Q

Cervical carcinoma

A

Squamous cell cancer
HPV types 16 and 18
bleeds after sex

157
Q

Cervicitis

A

Chlamydia or gonococcal infection
Pus from External Os
Part of PID?

158
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

PID
Chlamydia, gonorrhea or E. Coli
Infection of cervix, uterus, uterine tube and pelvic connective tissue
Lower abdominal pain, dysmenorrheal, dyspareunia and pain on cervical movement

159
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflamed tube in PID
Result in an abscess formation
Heal with fibrosis and partial obstruction of the tube
leading to an ectopic pregnancy or infertility

160
Q

All of the TORCHeS infections are ______ but _____

A

caused by microbes which pass from mother to fetus
Herpes simplex type II is transmitted to the baby through the birth canal of a mother infected with the virus during labor

Part 1 Board Exams (5 decks)

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