Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Hepatitis
A
inflammtion of liver with three types
A: fecal/oral transmission of virus, water-borne infection
B: IV drug use and sexually transmitted, chronic carrier
C: former common cause of post-transfusion hepatits
2
Q
Nutmeg liver
A
Chronic passive venous congestion
Seen in congestive heart failure
3
Q
Cirrhosis
A
Chronic liver condition with damage fibrosis and regeneration nodules. presents with portal hypertension.
Caput medusae: diluted varicose veins radiating from umbilicus due to portal hypertension
4
Q
Reyes syndrome
A
Rare cause of childhood hepatoencephalopathy caused by the use of aspirin in children with some illnesses
Chickenpox and influenza
5
Q
Hepatocellular carcinoma
A
malignant hepatoma
Liver cancer associated with Hepatitis B and C, Cirrhosis, raised a-fetoprotein
associated with fungal aflatoxins
Painful hepatomegaly, anorexia, fatigue and weightloss
6
Q
Pancreatitis
A
Inflammation of pancreas
Caused by alcohol, gallstones, trauma, steroids, mumps and hypercalcemia
swollen pancreas and leaking enzymes
abdominal pain, blue discoloration (Cullen’s sign) around umbilicus or in the flanks (grey Turner’s)
Nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain
7
Q
Cholecystosis
A
Inflammation of gallbladder
Fair, fat, fertile, flatuent females over fourty
Right upper quadrant pain
Mostly caused by gallstones - most peopel wuth gallstones are asymptomatic
8
Q
Pancreatic cancer
A
Malignancy arise from pancreatic duct
Painless juandice, clay colored stool if the cancer is in the head of the pancreas
Weight loss due to malabsorption and anorexia
Poor prognosis
9
Q
Osteoporosis
A
Loss of bone quality while bone quality is normal
more commpn in post-menopausal women
Senile type is due to lack of growth hormone and more common in older men
10
Q
Osteomalacia
A
Loss of bone quality with softening of the bone
Decreased vitamin D in adults
Looser’s zone on x-rays of long bones
11
Q
Rickets
A
Loss of bone quality
Decreased vitamin D in children
Bowlegs and rachitic rosary
12
Q
Osteitis fibrosa cystica
A
Due to hyperparathyroidism
Brown bone cysts
13
Q
Paget’s disease
A
Osteitis deformans
Possible paramyxovirus infection
Older people with thickening of bones and deformitis
14
Q
Achondroplasia
A
Autosomal dominant
Short limbs with normal head and trunk
15
Q
Charcot’s joint
A
Neuropathic joint disease: joint destruction because of loss of pain
Caused by: tabes dorsalis, diabetes mellitus, syringomyelia, leprosy, leprosy
16
Q
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
A
Autosomal dominant
Brittle bone disease
Blue sclera
defective collagen synthesis
17
Q
Osteomyelitis
A
Blood borne infection
S. aureus is the most common
Salmonella organisms in Sickle Cell Disease
P. organsims in intravenous drug users
18
Q
Osteochondroma
A
Bone outgrowth
Capped by cartilage
19
Q
Echondroma
A
Most common benign tumor in hand
Expansile benign cartilage tumor in bone
20
Q
Ollier’s disease
A
Multiple enchondroma
21
Q
Osteoma
A
Dense mature bone insland in the skull or spine
22
Q
Giant Cell Tumor
A
Benign metaphyseal bone tumor extending into the epiphysis
23
Q
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
A
Eccentric soap bubble x-ray appearance extending from diaphysis into metaphysis
24
Q
Multiple myeloma
A
Most common primary bone cancer after 50 years. Nosturnal bone or back pain, recurrent infection, hypercalcemia
Punched out lesions
Raised IgG causing an M spike on serum electrophoresis
Bence Jones proteins in urine
25
Osteosarcoma
Second most common malignant bone tumor - most common in teenagers
Seen in patients with Paget's disease
Codman's triangle of periosteal elevaton on x-ray
26
Chondrosarcoma
3rd most common bone tumor in men 30-60
27
Ewing's sarcoma
Malignant tumor mimicking osteomyelitis
| Onion skin appearance on x-ray
28
Rheumatid arthritis
autoimmune biulateral small joint disease in HlA-DR4 positive patients
Rheumatoid factor 9IgG) in 70-80% of pts
Pannus formation: Inflamed granulation tissue in the joint space destroying articular surface
swan neck, ulnar deviation, boutonniere, metacarpophalangeal joint swelling, proximal interphalangeal joints
29
Still's disease
juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
| Affects small and medium size joint pains mainly wrist and knee lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly in kids and teens
30
Sjorgen's syndrome
Dry eyes, mouth and arthritis
seen in RA and scleroderma
Sommon in women 40-60
SS-A and SS-B antibodies
31
Felty's syndrome
Splenomegaly
Neutropenia
Seen in patients with RA
32
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Unknown
Autoimmune disorder: antinuclear antibodies, anti-ds DNA antibodies
More common in younger (black) females
Multiple organ system
33
Seronegative arthritis
Rheumatoid factor is negative
HLA-B27 is positive
Reiter's syndrome, Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis
34
Psoriatic arthritis
Polyarthritis with silvery scales over extensor aspects
Autoimmune disorder causing rapid turnover of skin
Pitted nails and dactylitis
HLA-B27 + arthritis pair
35
Ankylosing spondylitis
Sacroiliitis and low back pain
| Bamboo spine and a positive HLA B27 genetic marker
36
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (like ulcerative colitis)
Some patients with uc present with joint pains
37
Reiter's syndrome
(can't pee, can't see, can't dance with me)
Urethritis
Arthritis - Joint or heel pain
Conjunctivitis
caused by chlamydia or shigella infection
38
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative disease affecting weight bearing joints
Causes subchondral sclerosis, osteophytes, Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes
H nodes: Primary osteoarthiritis in distal interphalangeal joints of fingers (females)
B nodes: swelling of proximal interphalangeal joints in OA and RA
39
Gout
Podagra (affects foot) gonagra (affects knee)
due to hyperuricemia
common in males and associated with alcohol and purine-rich foods
Alcohol metabolites compete for xcretion from the kidney at the same site as Uric acid
Acute: 1st metatarsophalangeal joint pain
Chronic: characterized by tophi - accumulation of uric acid crystals in the ear and skin over joint
40
Lyme disease
Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
transmitted by tick
Polyarthritis with bulls-eye lesion
(polyarthritis, extra-articular)
41
Myasthenia gravis
Acteylcholine receptor antibodies
Major peak incidence in 30+ yo females; second peak in 60+ yo males
Diplopia, ptosis, problems with chewing, fatigue with repetitive muscle use
Tensilon test is positive
80% of females myasthenia pts have thymic pathology (65% have thymic hyperplasia; 15% have a thymic tumor)
42
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Auto-antibodies to the pre-synaptic voltage-gated Ca channels in the NM junction
Prevents acetylcholine from being released by the vesicles
Seen in small (oat) cell lung cancers
Older male population
Weakness improves with repetitive use
Tension test is usually negative
43
Dermatomyositis
unknown cause, common in females
Autoimmune disorder
Heliotrope rash (reddish purple eyelids and papules on knuckles)
Produces anti-nuclear antibodies
associated with malignancies of lung, breast, ovary, gut
44
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
sex-linked recessive
absence of dystrophin
predominantly males
Pseudohypertrophic calves - Muscle infiltrated by fat and connective tissue. Muscle appears big and strong but is weak.
Death from cardiorespiratory failure before 20
45
Becker's muscular dystrophy
sex-linked recessive
Inadequate dystrophin levels
Not as severe as Duchenne's and live 40+ years
46
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Progressive hereditary nerve damage
Peroneal muscular wasting
Inability to evert the foot
47
Leg-Calve-Perthes disease
Ischemia and subsequent avascular necrosis of the head of the femur
Unknown cause
More common in young boys
48
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Displacement of epiphysis of the head of the femur
More common in overweight children and teens
Possible traumatic Salter-Harris type 1 epiphyseal fracture
49
Polymyalgia rheumatica
```
unknown cause
older females > 50 years
Pain and stiffness in shoulder and hips
Malaise and fever
Associated with temporalis arteritis
May lead to blindness
Highly elevated ESR with normal creatine kinase
```
50
Spina bifida
Neural tube defect due to B9 deficiency in the first trimester. Associated with elevated levels of alpha-feraprotein
- occulta presents with failure of neural arch to close and with a tuft of hair over a dimple in the lumbar spine region
- vera is a more severe form with failure of neural arch to close with meningeal herniation under the skin.
51
Meningocele
Protrusion of meninges through defect in the spinal column
52
Myomeningocele
A protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through spinal column defect
53
Anencephaly
Failure of brain and spinal column to develop
54
Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of excessive CSF in the ventricles
Obstructive - Caused by obstruction of flow of CSF: non-communicating type
Reversible cause of dementia
incontinence, ataxia, dementia
55
Arnold-Chiari deformity
Small posterior fossa with cerebellar herniation into the foramen magnum
Type-1: cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum
Type-2: C vermis and medulla into the f magnum
56
Dandy-Walker syndrome
Large posterior fossa
| Cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle
57
Cerebral Palsy
Non-progressive motor disorder due to prenatal brain anoxia
| Scissors gait is seen with UMN lesion of CP
58
Subdural hematoma
Accumulation of blood under dura
| tear of dural veins and may be a result of trauma in the elderly
59
Extradural hematoma
Accumulation of blood outside of the dura
| Trauma in adults: meningeal artery tear
60
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Accumulation of blood under the arachnoid
May be due to ruptured berry aneurysm: saccular congenital swelling in a cerebral artery. Increased incidence in adult polycystic disease of the kidney
61
Cerebrovascular accident
stroke
Sudden CONTRALATERAL motor/sensory loss due to interrupted blood supply to the brain.
Transient Ischemic Attacks are similar but are brief episodes of dysfunction caused by small emboli lasting less than 24 hours
62
Thrombosis vs. embolism
T: clot formed in atherosclerotic blood vessel
E: mass of undissolved material in blood vessel brought by the blood
63
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Accumulation of blood inside the brain
64
Meningitis causes
N. meningitidis, E. coli, H. Influenza
65
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
human form of bovine spongiform encephalitis
| Mad Cow Disease
66
Poliomyelitis
caused by an enterovirus that causes flaccid paralysis due to destruction of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord
67
Congenital syphilis
Intrauterine infection of the fetus abd results in keratitis (inflammation of the cornea leading to blindness), deafness, saddle nose, rhagades (linear fissures in the skin at the mouth), Hutchinson's teeth (notched incisors) and saber shin
68
Alzheimer's disease
Diffuse cerebral atrophy
| memory loss, Hirano bodies, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
69
Parkinson's
Pale substantia nigra and decreased dopamine production with lewy bodies, resting tremor, and a festinating gait
70
Huntington's chorea
Due to basal ganglia damage and is characterized by decreased GABA, chorea and mental deterioration in middle-aged adults
71
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Lou Gehrig's disease
| Progressive upper and lower motor neuron lesions in the lower and upper limbs
72
Multiple Sclerosis
Patchy autoimmune demyelination with some regeneration in brain and spinal cord
More commonly in younger females
More common in colder climates and is associated with Charcot's triad:
Scanning speech, Intention tremor, Nystagmus
73
Wernicke's syndrome
Thiamine deficiency seen in alcoholism and deficient diets
74
Korsakoff's psychosis
characterized by memory loss accompanied by lying
| Seen in thiamine deficiency
75
Posterolateral sclerosis
Vitamin B12 deficiency and results in dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract damage
76
Common Brain Tumors
Most common are metastases from breast, renal, gut, airway, skin and elsewhere
Primary brain tumor is most commonly because of glioblastoma multiforme: worst prognosis
Most common in children is medulloblastoma: good prognosis with treatment
Meningioma - benign lesion in falx cerebri, psammoma bodies
Acoustic neuroma - benign tumor in internal acoustic meatus: unilateral deafness and facial paralysis
77
Von Recklinghausen's disease
Multiple neurofibromas in skin, spinal cord and brain with café au lait skin lesions
Type 1 - peripheral neurofibromatosis and may be associated with pheochromocytoma
Type 2 - Central variety and is characterized by bilateral acoustic neuromas
78
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Retardation, microcephaly, indistinct philtrum and maxillary hypoplasia
Poisoning
79
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
cherry red skin color
| carbon monoxide binds irreversibly with hemoglobin
80
Friedrich's ataxia
Progressive spinocerebellar tract damage, ataxia, scoliosis, speech and heart problems
81
Syringomyelia
Dilation of central spinal canal
| Cape-like pattern of loss of pain and temperature but intact proprioception and vibration
82
Erb-Duchene's Palsy
Due to C5, 6 roots damage during delivery or sports injury
| Waiter asking for a tip
83
Klumpke's Palsy
due to C8 and T1 root damage during breech delivery or sports injury
Claw hand deformity
84
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Median nerve compression at wrist
| Pain or numbness in the lateral 3 1/2 digits
85
Elbow Tunnel Syndrome
Caused by compression of ulnar nerve at the elbow-pain or numbness along the ulnar aspect of the forearm and medial 1 1/2 digits
86
Cheiralgia paresthetica
Compression of the superficial radial nerve near the wrist
| Pain over the lateral aspects of the distal forearm
87
Piriformis syndrome
Compression of the sciatic nerve when it or a part of the nerve passes through the piriformis muscle
Radiates into the back of thigh and leg
88
Meralgia Paresthetica
Compression of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
| Numbness in anterolateral aspect of the thigh
89
Gonalgia Paresthetica
Compression of saphenous nerve at the knee in obese patient
| Medial knee and medial leg pain
90
Tarsal Tunnel syndrome
Compression of the posterior tibial nerve and results in pain in the plantar surface of the foot
91
Poisoning (alphabet)
Anorexia and anemia
Belly pain and Burton's blue gum line
Clumsiness or constipation
Developmental delays or dementia or drop twists
Emesis - vomiting
Fatigue due to a mircocytic hypochromic anemia
92
Minamato disease
mercury poisoning
Excessive mercury in tuna fish in japan
Characterized by peripheral neuropathy
Numbness and hypotonia
93
Diabetes Mellitus
causes a peripheral neuropathy
Damage to vaso nervosa and presents with glove and stocking paresthesia
Accumulation of advanced glycated end products
94
Leprosy
```
M. leprase
in cool areas: skin and peripheral nerves
Peripheral neuropathy
Claw hand
Loss of outer third of eyebrow
Anesthetic hypopigmented skin lesions
```
95
Herpes zoster
HHV type 3 infection
Dermatomal rash on side
Follows a prodrome of pain and hypersensivity over the same area
96
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Infectuous ascending demyelinating polyneuropathy
Possible viral infection or immunization
Progressive motor loss starting in legs
May affect diaphragm
97
Hirschsprung's disease
Arrested neural crest cell migration
Result in congenital aganglionosis of colon
Affected segment of gut is unable to relax normally
Chronic constipation
98
Achlasia of esophagus
due to a decreased myenteric plexus
| Dysphagia mainly for liquids
99
Megaesophagus
Destruction of ganglionic cells
Caused by T. Cruzi
results in Chagas disease
Dysphagia
100
Horner's syndrome
```
Unilateral:
Ptosis
Anhydrosis
Miosis
"PAM is horny"
```
caused by destruction of cervical sympathetic trunk
Seen with Pancoast (apical lung) tumor
101
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
Caused by a severe local dysfunction of sympathetic nerves following minor injury
Pain and swelling in the affected limbs
Common in foot and females
102
Beriberi
Alcoholics, dietary deficiency, anorexia, bulimiam hyperemesis gravidarum
Dry - B1 def with peripheral neuropathy
Wet - B1 def with heart failure
103
Wernicke-Korsakoff
B1 def affecting the brain
| Confusion, confabulation, coma in chronic alcoholics
104
Hyporiboflavinosis
cracked lips, sore tongue, itchy scaly scalp
105
Pellagra
```
B3 def
Diarrhea
Casal's necklace may be present
dermatitis
dementia
death
```
106
B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Lack of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of the stomach
Causes: deficient in diet, poor absorption due to disease in terminal ileum
Causes a macrocytic anemia and spinal cord degeneration
Fatigue, ataxia, UMN, urinary and fecal incontinence
107
Vitamin C deficiency
Inability to hydroxylate proline and lysine residues in collagen
Weakens the capillaries
Results in scurvy: Tissue hemorrhage with bleeding swollen gums and loose teeth, poor wound healing, impaired bone formation (kids)
108
Vitamin A deficiency
Nyctalpia, xerophthalmia (dry eyes) and keratomalacia (soft cornea)
109
Vitamin D deficiency
Ricket's in children
| Osteomalacia in adults
110
Vitamin E deficiency
Hemolytic anemia
Destruction of red blood cells leadin gto low red blood cell count and low Hb
Fatigue
111
Vitamin K deficiency
Hemorrhagic disease of newborns
Abnomral bleeding from the umbilicus
Preventable with injection of vitamin K
112
Iodine deficiency
Myxedema and goiter in adults
Cretinism in infants
Severe hypothyroidism in an infant
Caused by failure of thyroid gland to develop: mental retardation, hoarse cry, thick scrotal tongue, umbilical hernia
113
Iron deficiency
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
Anemia = low hemoglobin and decreased red blood cell count
Red blood cells are small and pale
Excess blood loss
114
Excessive iron
Hemochromatosis
Affects the liver, heart and endocrine glands with pancreas and gonads
```
Arthritis
Bronze skin
Cirrhosis
Diabetes Mellitus
Erection problems
```
115
excessive copper
Wilson's disease
Autosomal recessive, lack of ceruplasmin - a copper carrying protein in the blood
Asterixis
Basal Ganglia degeneration
Cirrhosis, corneal deposits
Dementia
116
Nephritic syndrome
Glomerulonephritis
Associated with streptococcal infections
antigen-antibody complex damage to the glomeruli
Complement system causes inflammation
red blood cell casts in urine
Inflammation of glomerulus causes renal ischemia. Results in renal ischemia by activation of renin-angiotensin system. Causes edema
117
Nephrotic syndrome
Idiopathic or diabetes, SLE or drugs
Minimal change damage to basement membrane
Large holes in basement membrane allowing for protein loss in the urine
hypoproteinemia and hypoalbunemia
Edema from low protein content
Hyperlipidemia
118
Pyelonephritis
Ascending E. Coli infection from cystitis usually
Inflamed collecting tubules and renal pelvis
White blood cell casts present in the urine
Chills, fever, nausea, vomiting costovertebral angle tenderness
Shrunken kidney and hypertension
119
Diabetic Neuropathy
Causes nephrotic syndrome
May also case Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease
Kidney damage with nodular sclerosis of glomeruli
120
Urinary Tract Infection
Ascending infection with enteric organisms
Commonly due to E. Coli
Dysuria, increased urinary frequency and nocturia
WBC's, bacteria and nitrites are found in the urine
Reductase which reduces urinary nitrates to nitrates
121
Interstitial cystitis
Uncommon bladder inflammation
Leakage of urine beneath bladder epithelium
Caused by damage to mucus lining the bladder mucosa
Increased frequency and nocturia
Urinalysis shows white blood cells but no bacteria or nitrates
122
Wilm's tumor
Nephroblastoma or mixed tumor
Most common malignant kidney tumor in children
Presents with a mass in the flank and hematuria
123
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Most common type of adult renal cancer
Grawitz tumor
Presents with painless hematuria
Mass in the flank
124
Adult polycystic Disease of the Kidney
Autosomal dominant disorder
Presents with bilateral kidney enlargement and hypertension
Increased incidence of berry aneurysms of the circle of Willis in the brain
125
Goodpasture's syndrome
Affects the parenchyma of the kidney and lung
Antibodies against Type IV collagen fibers
Presents with hemoptysis and hematuria
126
Renal Calculi
Stone formation in the ureter and pelvis of the kidney
Calcium oxalate is the most common urinary stone
85% of renal stones are radiopaque
Other types: cystine, uric acid, phosphate
Presents with: severe colicky loin to groin pain and hematuria
127
Asthma
Reversible bronchospasm due to hypersensitivity of the bronchi
Extrinsic: allergens, eczema and hay fever; intrinsic: exercise
Bronchial mucosa inflammation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
Presents with paroxysms of shortness of breath and wheezing worse at nights
128
Bronchiectasis
Chronic dilation of bronchi
Due to bronchial obstruction by mucous plugs
Associated with cystic fibrosis
Copious foul smelling mucopurulent sputum early in the morning
129
Kartagener's Syndrome
Immotile cilia which present with a clinical triad consisting of: chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus
130
Atelectasis
Collapse of or incomplete expansion of alveoli
Compression atelectasis: collapse due to external pressure like pleural effusion, pneumothorax
Resorption atelectasis: Collapse distal to an obstructed bronchus by - foreign body, tumor
Contraction atelectasis: Collapse due to interstitial fibrosis and loss of elastic recoil. Commonly seen in pulmonary tuberculosis
131
Emphysema
Pink puffers who trend to thin
Alveolar wall destroyed, loss of elastic recoil, good oxygenation
Centriacinar - smoking, affects bronchioles, barrel-chest
Panacinar - a1-antitrypsin deficiency. Affects all pulmonary acini. Destruction of elastic tissue in alveolar wall, younger patients
132
Chronic bronchitis
blue bloaters who tend to be overweight
Chronic cough over 3 months for at least 2 consecutive years
Bronchial gland hyperplasia due to infection
Cyanosis
Right-sided heart failure
133
Pneumonia
Inflammation of lung tissue
Lobar pneumonia: inflammation of a lone with red then grey hepatization, S. pneumoniae
Bronchopneumonia: Patchy inflammation of both lungs usually in the bases
134
Interstitial pneumonia
Both lungs
| caused by M. or C. pneumoniae
135
Lung abscess
Pus-filled cavity in the lung
S. aureus and K. pneumoniae are common causes
Seen more often in alcoholics and epileptics
136
Pneumoconiosis
Occupational lung disease
Caused by inhalation of inorganic industrial particles
anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, siderosis, caplan's lung
137
Allergic lung reactions to organic dust
Byssinosis - Cotton dust from mill workers
Bagassosis - moldy fibrous waste
Farmer's lung - moldy hay
Silo-filler's lungs - nitrogen dioxide
138
Sarcoidosis
Type IV hypersensitive reaction
Non-caseous granulomas with epiloid macrophages
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary fibrosis-dyspnea and dry cough
Raised levels of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in 40-80%
139
Tuberculosis
Ghon focus: caseous granulomas in the lung
epitheloid cells and Langhan's giant cells
Ghon Complex: peripheral Ghon focus with involvement of regional lymph nodes
140
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Most common lung cancer
chronic cigarette smoking, mining, industrial cities
Squamous cell is most common
Chronic cough, hemoptysis and weight loss
SPHERE
141
Bronchogenic carcinoma SPHERE
Superior Vena Cava syndrome
Pancoast's tumor - mass in lung apex
Horner's syndrome - ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis
Endocrine - paraneoplastic ectopic hormone secretions
Recurrent layngeal damage - hoarseness
Effusions - pleural or pericardial
142
Small cell lung carcinoma
25%
Previously called an oat cell carcinoma
Uncommon cause of lung cancer
Associated with ectopic hormone production such as : Parathormone, ACTH, ADH
143
Pancoast tumor
Bronchogenic carcinoma in one of the lung apices
Invade roots of the brachial plexus, first rib, sympathetic trunk, subclavian vein or artery
Horner's syndrome due to damage to the sympathetic trunk in the neck
144
Pneumothorax
Air within the pleural cavity
Spontaneous - no previous underlying lung disease
Secondary - traumatic, underlying asthma or emphysema
Tension - Trapped air in the pleural space cannot escape and builds up in the space causing mediastinal shift away from the affected side
145
Empyema
Pus-filled pleural cavity
| Secondary to bacterial infection in the lungs
146
Pleural Effusion
Fluid filled pleural cavity
May be exudates (local inflammation) or transudates (system diseases)
- exudates has more proteins
Exudates: pneumonia, TB, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism
Transudates: congestive heart disease, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, liver failure
147
Mesothelioma
Malignant tumor of the pleura
| Associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos
148
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Primary stage: painless hard genital ulcer. disappears spontaneously
Secondary: maculopapular rash, lympadenopathy, condylomata lata
latent: asymptomatic
Tertiary: thoracic aortic aneurysm, argyl-robertson pupil, gummas, Charcot's joint, general paralysis of insane, tabes dorsalis
149
Chancroid
H. ducreyi
bacterial infection
Painful soft yellow genital ulcer
Swollen painful inguinal lymph nodes
150
Chlamydia urethritis
Chlamydia trachomatis
Common cause of urethral discharge in the USA
Mucoid penile discharge
Dysuria
151
Gonococcal urethritis
N. gonorrhea
Second most common cause of urethral discharge in the USA
Purulent penile discharge, dysuria, infection of Bartholin's gland in females
152
Vulvovaginits
Candida albicans infection
Opportunistic fungal infection more commonly seen in females
Thick vaginal cheesy discharge with itching
DM and recent antibiotics
153
Condyloma accuminata
```
HPV infection
Common STD in the USA
Affects more women than men
16 and 18 are associated with cervical cancer
Cauliflower type warts
```
154
Bacterial Vaginosis
Gardnerella species
Fishy-smelling watery discharge vaginal
Vaginal epithelial cells studded by bacteria (clue cells)
155
Trichomoniasis
T. vaginalis motile protosoal infection
Malodorous green frothy discharge
Motile flagellates seen on wet mount
156
Cervical carcinoma
Squamous cell cancer
HPV types 16 and 18
bleeds after sex
157
Cervicitis
Chlamydia or gonococcal infection
Pus from External Os
Part of PID?
158
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PID
Chlamydia, gonorrhea or E. Coli
Infection of cervix, uterus, uterine tube and pelvic connective tissue
Lower abdominal pain, dysmenorrheal, dyspareunia and pain on cervical movement
159
Salpingitis
Inflamed tube in PID
Result in an abscess formation
Heal with fibrosis and partial obstruction of the tube
leading to an ectopic pregnancy or infertility
160
All of the TORCHeS infections are ______ but _____
caused by microbes which pass from mother to fetus
Herpes simplex type II is transmitted to the baby through the birth canal of a mother infected with the virus during labor
