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Part 1 Board Exams > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Virus RNA and DNA quick facts

A

All viruses are RNA except for six DNA

Hepa, Herpes, and pox (naked) Adeno and Papova, (ss) Parvo
All DNA are icosahedral except for Pox

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2
Q

Herpes Simplex 1 and 2

A

Types 1 and 2 are spread by direct contact

Cold sores and multiple painful shallow genital ulcers

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3
Q

Chickenpox and herpes zoster

A

HHV type 3 by aerosol droplets

chickenpox and shingles

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4
Q

Mononucleosis

A

HHV type 4 (Epstein Barr) spread by kissing

Sore throat, fatigue, cervical lymphadenopathy and heptasplenomegaly

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5
Q

Cytomegalovirus infection

A

HHV type 5 virusinterstitial pneumonia in immunocompromised patient and congenital abnormalities, brain calcification, and hepatosplenomegaly in neonate

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6
Q

Roseola infantum

A

HHV type 6 and cause a sudden rash in children

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7
Q

Erythema Infectiosum

A

Slapped Cheek syndrome
Parvo type B 19
Red rash on face after fever

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8
Q

Hepatitis B

A

HepaDNA virus which is spread by blood or sex

Causes jaundice and tender hepatomegaly

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9
Q

Smallpox

A

Pox virus spread by aerosol droplets

Gaurneri inclusion bodies in the affected epidermis

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10
Q

Molluscum Contagiosum

A

Pox virus spread by direct contact

Causes popular lesions with central indentation

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11
Q

General rules of RNA viruses

A

All RNA are single stranded but the REO group that is double stranded
All negative stranded are helical and enveloped
Only three are naked: Calici, PicoRNA, and REO viruses
All hepatitis viruses are RNA except for B

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12
Q

Hepatitis Virus spread

A

Spread by oro-fecal route
B and C are spread by sex, blood transfusions or use of intravenous drugs. Causes jaundice, fever, anorexia, vomiting, and tender hepatomegaly

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13
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Flavi RNA virus spread by blood and sex
Blood transfusion (10%) IV drug use (40%) and sex
Carrier state, Cirrhosis and hepatocellular Carcinoma

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14
Q

Human Immune Deficiency virus

A

Single strand RNA retrovirus spread by sex and blood transfusion
Destroys CD4 T cells causing AIDS

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15
Q

4 HIV stages

A

Flu-like illness (acute)
Feeling fine (latent)
Failing CD4 count (recurrent opportunistic infections)
Final crisis with Pneumocystisis Jiroveci pneumonia

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16
Q

Measles

A

Rubeola
Paramyxo virus spread by aerosol droplets
Koplik’s spots, coryza, conjunctivitis and a fine rash

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17
Q

Mumps

A

Paramyxo virus spread by direct contact and aerosol droplets

Parotitis, pancreatitis, and orchitis

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18
Q

Infleunza

A

-ss RNA virus causes fever, sore throat and severe myalgia

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19
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Gram positive catalase positive occus in bunches like grapes

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20
Q

Staph Aureus

A

Coagulase positive, golden colonies on blood agar culture

Scalded skin, Toxic shock, impetigo, osteomyelitis, carbuncles and acute bacterial endocarditis

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21
Q

Streptococcus

A

Gram + bacteria, catalase negative coccus in strips

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22
Q

Strep. pyogenes

A

Lancefield group A beta-hemolytic diplococci

Rheumatic fever, impetigo, erysipelas, glomerulonephritis, scarlet fever

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23
Q

Strep. viridians

A

alpha-hemolytic streptococcus
Dental cavities
Affects damaged heart valves
Causes subacute bacterial endocarditis

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24
Q

Strep. pneumoniae

A

alpha-hemolytic streptococcus
Causes meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia with rust colored sputum and sinusitis
Chocolate agar and glucose fermenting

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25
Neisseria gonorrhea
Gram negative intracellular diplococci Causes gonorrhea, septic arthritis or ophthalmia neonatrum Chocolate agar and glucose fermenting
26
N. meningitidis
Gram negative cocci Causes meningitis and meningococcemia Maltose and glucose fermenting
27
M. tuberculosis
Lowenstein-Jensen culture is needed Faintly gram stainable because of thick waxy wall of mycolic acid Causes TB
28
M. Leprae
Only in armadillos and suckling mice Cool temperatures in the skin and peripheral nerve Causes leprosy
29
Bacilli
``` All are gram negative but these are positive (baccli) Bacillis Clostridium Corynebacterium Listeria ```
30
Clostridium difficile
Part of normal gut flora | Will proliferate in response to broad antibiotics killing helpful bacteria
31
C. tetani
tetanus caused by baccilis with terminal spores Exotoxin affects NM junctions Muscle spasm and trisumus (lockjaw)
32
Yersinia Pestis
Black plague | Fleas on rats
33
Salmonella Typhi
Non-lactose fermenting catalase positive positive enteric bacillus
34
E. Coli
Lactose fermenting catalase positive enteric bacillus O, H and K antigens Traveler's diarrhea May also cause UTI, food poisoning, meningitis and HUS Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome - causes liver and kidney failure Contaminated hamburger meat
35
Vibrio Cholera
Causes cholera produces an exotoxin which stimulates cAMP and increases fluid secretion from the gut Severe diarrhea with rice water stool and raid dehydration
36
Exotoxins that target certain tissue
Tetanus, tetanospasmin, nerve botulism, botulinin, muscle diphtheria, diphtheria toxin, connective tissue
37
Fevers
Q fevers - Coxiella Rocky mountain spotted fever - R. reckettsii Trench fever - R. Quintana Recurrent fever - Borrelia recurrentis Rabbit fever - Francisella tularemia Undulant fever - B. abortus Rheumatic fever and scarlet fever - S. pyogenes
38
Typhus
Murine typhus - R. typhi Epidemic typhus - R. prowazekii Scrub typhus - R. tustusgamishi Typhoid fever - salmonella typhi
39
Food poisoning
staph. aureus - 2-4 hours after; preformed enterotoxin - rapid symptoms. vomiting and diarrhea Clostridium botulinum - 6-8 hours preformed enterotoxin; rapid onset of symptoms. Vomiting, flaccid paralysis, diplopia, dysphagia Clostridium perfringens - vomiting and diarrhea S. enetrides - vomiting and diarrhea 12-24 hours after ingestion. fever, heat resistant toxin after bacteria colonizes the gut Campylobacter jejuni - 1-7 days after ingestion. fever, vomiting diarrhea; most common cause of food poisoning E. coli - Vomiting and diarrhea 1-10 days after ingestion. Formed after the bacteria colonizes the gut
40
Dysentery
Traveler's diarrhea - E. coli Hiker's diarrhea - G. lamblia Bacillary dysentery - shigella dysenteriae Amebic dysentery - E. histolytica Childhood dysentery - coxsacki viruses Infantile gastroenteritis - Rota virus of the Respiratory Enteric Orphan family of RNA virus. common cause of GE in children
41
Meningitis
``` Neonates - E. Coli Children - H. Influenzae Adolescents and adults - N. meningitidis Elderly - Strep. pneumoniae HIV/AIDS - C. neoformans ```
42
Atypical pneumonias
``` Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci Legionella pneumophilia Coxiella burnetti ```
43
Osteomyelitis
Most: Stap aureus Sex: N. gonorrhea Drugs: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sickle cell disease: Salmonella species
44
UTI
E. Coli - most common, nitrite positive Staph. Saprophyticus - gram positive coagulase negative coccus. part of normal vaginal flora. nitrite negative. common cause of UTI in young sexually active females. 2nd most common Proteus mirabilis - gram negative enteric maltose fermenting bacillus; part of normal gut flora. Nitrite and urease positive K. pneumoniae - gram negative enteric lactose fermenting non-motile bacillus; part of normal gut flora
45
Antibiotics that block wall synthesis
by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linking: B-lectams - penicillin, ampicillin and cephalosporin By inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis: Vancomycin
46
Antibiotics that block nucleotide synthesis acting as antimetabolites
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
47
antibiotics that cause cell wall damage
Bacitracin and polymyxin
48
Antibiotics that prevent DNA replication
Metronidazole
49
Antibiotics that prevent RNA synthesis
Rifampcin
50
Antibiotics that prevent blocking protein synthesis
act on 50S ribosomal subunit: Choramphenicol and Clindamycin act on 30S ribosomal subunit: Tetracycline and aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and neomycin
51
Subcutaneous Fungi
Sporothrix schenckii - Dimorphic fungus which lives on vegetation. Bumpy skin lesions in legs or arms of rose growers or gardeners Madurella mycetomatis or grisea - warty lesions on the feet of woodcutter's
52
Histoplasma capsulatum
Transmitted by inhalation of spores and not from person to person. Bat droppings, chicken poop. Asymptomatic in immunocompetent patients. Hides inside macrophages. Systemic fungal infection affecting lung, spleen, liver, adrenals
53
Coccidioides immitis
Found in the desrt areas of US Inhalation of spores Systemic infection: lung infection, joint pains, erythema nodosum
54
Blastomyces dermatidis
Transmitted by inhalation of spores Skin, bone, and lungs infection systemic fungi
55
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
``` 90% if the affected population is male transmitted by inhaling spores Spores with multiple buds like the spokes of a wheel Mouth and nose ulcerations systemic fungus ```
56
Aspergillius fumigatus
Decaying vegetation Inhalation of spores Fungal ball in lung hemoptysis
57
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pigeon poop Transmitted by inhalation of spores pneumonia meningitis and brain abscess
58
Candida Albicans
Severe systemic infection with HIV and AIDS Causes thrush which presents with severe sore throat and dysphagia Dimorphic fungus Pseudohyphae and budding yeasts on tissue scrapings
59
Pneumocystitis jiroveci
Causes pneumonia in HIV/AIDS | ground glass appearance on chest x-ray
60
Trypanosoma Cruzi
Transmitted by kissing bug Causes chagas disease Dysphagia due to megaesophagus Heart failure due to dilated cardiomegaly parasitic micro organism flagellata
61
Giardia lamlia
Hiker's diarrhea, beaver fever Most common intestinal parasite in the USA stream water foul smelling loose stools
62
Toxoplasma gondii
Sporozoa infection from infected cat feces; crosses the placenta causes miscarriages, chorloretinitis, intracranial calcification
63
Plasmodium
Malaria spread by female mosquitoes Most deadly malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum - daily cycles of fever, cerebral infection with convulsion and death
64
Intestinal roundworms
Spread via orofecal route Enterbius vermicularis: Pinworms are the most common intestinal nematode in the USA. Perianal itching Ascaris lumbricoides: Roundworms are the second most common intestinal. Uncommon cause of intestinal and common bile duct obstruction. Strongyloides stercoralis: Thread worms, perianal itching Trichuris trichuria: Whipworms, weight loss, abdominal pain, blood diarrhea Trichnella spiralis: Pork roundworm causes trichinosis. Causes fever, muscle pain and periorbital edema Necator americanus: most common hookworm. Iron deficiency anemia
65
Tissue or blood worms spread by biting insects
Onchocerce volvulus: Transmitted by the blackfly. Causes liver blindness, hyperpigmented skin Wuchereria bancrofti: elephantitis and is best tested at 10pm
66
Heliobacter pylori
Secretes an enzyme, urease, breaks down urea to form ammonia and carbon dioxide. Ammonia neutralizes the HCl in the stomach and prevents gastric acid from destroying the bacteria Causes gastritis and peptic ulcers
67
Proteus mirabilis
secretes urease | resulting alkaline environment promotes stones

Part 1 Board Exams (5 decks)

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