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Part 1 Board Exams > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Virus RNA and DNA quick facts

A

All viruses are RNA except for six DNA

Hepa, Herpes, and pox (naked) Adeno and Papova, (ss) Parvo
All DNA are icosahedral except for Pox

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2
Q

Herpes Simplex 1 and 2

A

Types 1 and 2 are spread by direct contact

Cold sores and multiple painful shallow genital ulcers

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3
Q

Chickenpox and herpes zoster

A

HHV type 3 by aerosol droplets

chickenpox and shingles

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4
Q

Mononucleosis

A

HHV type 4 (Epstein Barr) spread by kissing

Sore throat, fatigue, cervical lymphadenopathy and heptasplenomegaly

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5
Q

Cytomegalovirus infection

A

HHV type 5 virusinterstitial pneumonia in immunocompromised patient and congenital abnormalities, brain calcification, and hepatosplenomegaly in neonate

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6
Q

Roseola infantum

A

HHV type 6 and cause a sudden rash in children

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7
Q

Erythema Infectiosum

A

Slapped Cheek syndrome
Parvo type B 19
Red rash on face after fever

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8
Q

Hepatitis B

A

HepaDNA virus which is spread by blood or sex

Causes jaundice and tender hepatomegaly

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9
Q

Smallpox

A

Pox virus spread by aerosol droplets

Gaurneri inclusion bodies in the affected epidermis

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10
Q

Molluscum Contagiosum

A

Pox virus spread by direct contact

Causes popular lesions with central indentation

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11
Q

General rules of RNA viruses

A

All RNA are single stranded but the REO group that is double stranded
All negative stranded are helical and enveloped
Only three are naked: Calici, PicoRNA, and REO viruses
All hepatitis viruses are RNA except for B

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12
Q

Hepatitis Virus spread

A

Spread by oro-fecal route
B and C are spread by sex, blood transfusions or use of intravenous drugs. Causes jaundice, fever, anorexia, vomiting, and tender hepatomegaly

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13
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Flavi RNA virus spread by blood and sex
Blood transfusion (10%) IV drug use (40%) and sex
Carrier state, Cirrhosis and hepatocellular Carcinoma

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14
Q

Human Immune Deficiency virus

A

Single strand RNA retrovirus spread by sex and blood transfusion
Destroys CD4 T cells causing AIDS

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15
Q

4 HIV stages

A

Flu-like illness (acute)
Feeling fine (latent)
Failing CD4 count (recurrent opportunistic infections)
Final crisis with Pneumocystisis Jiroveci pneumonia

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16
Q

Measles

A

Rubeola
Paramyxo virus spread by aerosol droplets
Koplik’s spots, coryza, conjunctivitis and a fine rash

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17
Q

Mumps

A

Paramyxo virus spread by direct contact and aerosol droplets

Parotitis, pancreatitis, and orchitis

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18
Q

Infleunza

A

-ss RNA virus causes fever, sore throat and severe myalgia

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19
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Gram positive catalase positive occus in bunches like grapes

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20
Q

Staph Aureus

A

Coagulase positive, golden colonies on blood agar culture

Scalded skin, Toxic shock, impetigo, osteomyelitis, carbuncles and acute bacterial endocarditis

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21
Q

Streptococcus

A

Gram + bacteria, catalase negative coccus in strips

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22
Q

Strep. pyogenes

A

Lancefield group A beta-hemolytic diplococci

Rheumatic fever, impetigo, erysipelas, glomerulonephritis, scarlet fever

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23
Q

Strep. viridians

A

alpha-hemolytic streptococcus
Dental cavities
Affects damaged heart valves
Causes subacute bacterial endocarditis

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24
Q

Strep. pneumoniae

A

alpha-hemolytic streptococcus
Causes meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia with rust colored sputum and sinusitis
Chocolate agar and glucose fermenting

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25
Q

Neisseria gonorrhea

A

Gram negative intracellular diplococci
Causes gonorrhea, septic arthritis or ophthalmia neonatrum
Chocolate agar and glucose fermenting

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26
Q

N. meningitidis

A

Gram negative cocci
Causes meningitis and meningococcemia
Maltose and glucose fermenting

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27
Q

M. tuberculosis

A

Lowenstein-Jensen culture is needed
Faintly gram stainable because of thick waxy wall of mycolic acid
Causes TB

28
Q

M. Leprae

A

Only in armadillos and suckling mice
Cool temperatures in the skin and peripheral nerve
Causes leprosy

29
Q

Bacilli

A 
All are gram negative but these are positive
(baccli)
Bacillis
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Listeria
30
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Part of normal gut flora

Will proliferate in response to broad antibiotics killing helpful bacteria

31
Q

C. tetani

A

tetanus caused by baccilis with terminal spores
Exotoxin affects NM junctions
Muscle spasm and trisumus (lockjaw)

32
Q

Yersinia Pestis

A

Black plague

Fleas on rats

33
Q

Salmonella Typhi

A

Non-lactose fermenting catalase positive positive enteric bacillus

34
Q

E. Coli

A

Lactose fermenting catalase positive enteric bacillus
O, H and K antigens
Traveler’s diarrhea
May also cause UTI, food poisoning, meningitis and HUS
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome - causes liver and kidney failure
Contaminated hamburger meat

35
Q

Vibrio Cholera

A

Causes cholera
produces an exotoxin which stimulates cAMP and increases fluid secretion from the gut
Severe diarrhea with rice water stool and raid dehydration

36
Q

Exotoxins that target certain tissue

A

Tetanus, tetanospasmin, nerve
botulism, botulinin, muscle
diphtheria, diphtheria toxin, connective tissue

37
Q

Fevers

A

Q fevers - Coxiella
Rocky mountain spotted fever - R. reckettsii
Trench fever - R. Quintana
Recurrent fever - Borrelia recurrentis
Rabbit fever - Francisella tularemia
Undulant fever - B. abortus
Rheumatic fever and scarlet fever - S. pyogenes

38
Q

Typhus

A

Murine typhus - R. typhi
Epidemic typhus - R. prowazekii
Scrub typhus - R. tustusgamishi
Typhoid fever - salmonella typhi

39
Q

Food poisoning

A

staph. aureus - 2-4 hours after; preformed enterotoxin - rapid symptoms. vomiting and diarrhea

Clostridium botulinum - 6-8 hours preformed enterotoxin; rapid onset of symptoms. Vomiting, flaccid paralysis, diplopia, dysphagia

Clostridium perfringens - vomiting and diarrhea

S. enetrides - vomiting and diarrhea 12-24 hours after ingestion. fever, heat resistant toxin after bacteria colonizes the gut

Campylobacter jejuni - 1-7 days after ingestion. fever, vomiting diarrhea; most common cause of food poisoning

E. coli - Vomiting and diarrhea 1-10 days after ingestion. Formed after the bacteria colonizes the gut

40
Q

Dysentery

A

Traveler’s diarrhea - E. coli
Hiker’s diarrhea - G. lamblia
Bacillary dysentery - shigella dysenteriae
Amebic dysentery - E. histolytica
Childhood dysentery - coxsacki viruses
Infantile gastroenteritis - Rota virus of the Respiratory Enteric Orphan family of RNA virus. common cause of GE in children

41
Q

Meningitis

A 
Neonates - E. Coli
Children - H. Influenzae
Adolescents and adults - N. meningitidis
Elderly - Strep. pneumoniae
HIV/AIDS - C. neoformans
42
Q

Atypical pneumonias

A 
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia psittaci
Legionella pneumophilia
Coxiella burnetti
43
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Most: Stap aureus
Sex: N. gonorrhea
Drugs: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Sickle cell disease: Salmonella species

44
Q

UTI

A

E. Coli - most common, nitrite positive

Staph. Saprophyticus - gram positive coagulase negative coccus. part of normal vaginal flora. nitrite negative. common cause of UTI in young sexually active females. 2nd most common

Proteus mirabilis - gram negative enteric maltose fermenting bacillus; part of normal gut flora. Nitrite and urease positive

K. pneumoniae - gram negative enteric lactose fermenting non-motile bacillus; part of normal gut flora

45
Q

Antibiotics that block wall synthesis

A

by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linking:
B-lectams - penicillin, ampicillin and cephalosporin

By inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis:
Vancomycin

46
Q

Antibiotics that block nucleotide synthesis acting as antimetabolites

A

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

47
Q

antibiotics that cause cell wall damage

A

Bacitracin and polymyxin

48
Q

Antibiotics that prevent DNA replication

A

Metronidazole

49
Q

Antibiotics that prevent RNA synthesis

A

Rifampcin

50
Q

Antibiotics that prevent blocking protein synthesis

A

act on 50S ribosomal subunit:
Choramphenicol and Clindamycin

act on 30S ribosomal subunit:
Tetracycline and aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and neomycin

51
Q

Subcutaneous Fungi

A

Sporothrix schenckii - Dimorphic fungus which lives on vegetation. Bumpy skin lesions in legs or arms of rose growers or gardeners
Madurella mycetomatis or grisea - warty lesions on the feet of woodcutter’s

52
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

Transmitted by inhalation of spores and not from person to person. Bat droppings, chicken poop. Asymptomatic in immunocompetent patients. Hides inside macrophages. Systemic fungal infection affecting lung, spleen, liver, adrenals

53
Q

Coccidioides immitis

A

Found in the desrt areas of US
Inhalation of spores
Systemic infection: lung infection, joint pains, erythema nodosum

54
Q

Blastomyces dermatidis

A

Transmitted by inhalation of spores
Skin, bone, and lungs infection
systemic fungi

55
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

A 
90% if the affected population is male
transmitted by inhaling spores
Spores with multiple buds like the spokes of a wheel
Mouth and nose ulcerations
systemic fungus
56
Q

Aspergillius fumigatus

A

Decaying vegetation
Inhalation of spores
Fungal ball in lung
hemoptysis

57
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Pigeon poop
Transmitted by inhalation of spores
pneumonia
meningitis and brain abscess

58
Q

Candida Albicans

A

Severe systemic infection with HIV and AIDS
Causes thrush which presents with severe sore throat and dysphagia
Dimorphic fungus
Pseudohyphae and budding yeasts on tissue scrapings

59
Q

Pneumocystitis jiroveci

A

Causes pneumonia in HIV/AIDS

ground glass appearance on chest x-ray

60
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Transmitted by kissing bug
Causes chagas disease
Dysphagia due to megaesophagus
Heart failure due to dilated cardiomegaly

parasitic micro organism flagellata

61
Q

Giardia lamlia

A

Hiker’s diarrhea, beaver fever
Most common intestinal parasite in the USA
stream water
foul smelling loose stools

62
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Sporozoa infection from infected cat feces; crosses the placenta
causes miscarriages, chorloretinitis, intracranial calcification

63
Q

Plasmodium

A

Malaria spread by female mosquitoes
Most deadly malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum - daily cycles of fever, cerebral infection with convulsion and death

64
Q

Intestinal roundworms

A

Spread via orofecal route

Enterbius vermicularis: Pinworms are the most common intestinal nematode in the USA. Perianal itching

Ascaris lumbricoides: Roundworms are the second most common intestinal. Uncommon cause of intestinal and common bile duct obstruction.

Strongyloides stercoralis: Thread worms, perianal itching

Trichuris trichuria: Whipworms, weight loss, abdominal pain, blood diarrhea

Trichnella spiralis: Pork roundworm causes trichinosis. Causes fever, muscle pain and periorbital edema

Necator americanus: most common hookworm. Iron deficiency anemia

65
Q

Tissue or blood worms spread by biting insects

A

Onchocerce volvulus: Transmitted by the blackfly. Causes liver blindness, hyperpigmented skin

Wuchereria bancrofti: elephantitis and is best tested at 10pm

66
Q

Heliobacter pylori

A

Secretes an enzyme, urease, breaks down urea to form ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Ammonia neutralizes the HCl in the stomach and prevents gastric acid from destroying the bacteria
Causes gastritis and peptic ulcers

67
Q

Proteus mirabilis

A

secretes urease

resulting alkaline environment promotes stones

Part 1 Board Exams (5 decks)

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