physiology Flashcards
how do you calculate BMI?
weight (kg) / height squared (m)
what are the BMI ranges?
<25 = normal 25-29.9 = overweight 30-39.9 = obese >40 = morbidly obese
what are the major contributor to disease and premature mortality in obesity?
- type 2 diabetes
- high bp
- heart attack
- cancers eg colon
- osteoarthiritis
what are the consequences of obesity?
- stroke (hypertension)
- resp disease (sleep apnea)
- heart disease
- gallbladder disease
- osteroarthiritis
- dementia
- NAFLD (fatty liver)
- diabetes
- cancer
- hyperuricemia, gout
how does the CNS influence energy balance and body weight?
- behaviour eg feeding and physical activity
- ANS activity eg regulates energy expenditure
- neuroendocrine system eg secretion of hormones
what do satiation signals do during meal times?
- increase to limit meal size
what are the 5 satiation signals?
- cholecystokinin (CKK)
- peptide YY (PYY3-36)
- glucogon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
- Oxyntomodulin (OXM)
- Obestatin
what does CKK do?
– secreted from enteroendocrine cells
in duodenum and jejunum. Released in proportion to lipids and
proteins in meal. Signals via sensory nerves to hindbrain and
stimulates hindbrain directly (nucleus of solitary tract (NTS)).
what does PYY3-36 do?
– secreted from endocrine mucosal L-
cells of G-I tract. Levels increase rapidly post-prandially. Inhibits
gastric motility, slows emptying and reduces food intake (Hypo).
what does (GLP-1) do?
- product of pro-glucagon
gene. Also released from L cells in response to food ingestion.
Inhibits gastric emptying and reduces food intake (Hypo, NTS
what does (OXM) do?
– Also from pro-glucagon gene and
released from oxyntic cells and L-cells of small intestine after meal.
Acts to suppress appetite – mechanism and site 2unclear.
what does Obestatin do?
– peptide produced from gene that encodes ghrelin
and released from cells lining stomach/small intestine.
Suggested to reduce food intake – may act to antagonise the
actions of ghrelin – actions unclear at present.
what is ghrelin?
- an octanoylated peptide
- it i sproduced and secreted in the stomach
- increased before meals and decrease after emals
- peripheral ghrelin stimulates food intae and decreases fat utilisation
- ghrlin-containing neurons in hypothalamus help to control fat metabolsim and increases lipogenesis
where are signals produced in response to body nutritional status sensed?
in the hypothalamus
which hormones report fat status to the brain and where are they released from? (adiposity signals)
- leptin = made and released from fat cells
- insulin = made and released from pancreatic cells
